Table 2.
Changes in the hemodynamic and echocardiography parameters in the three study groups.
| CTLF (n = 15) | CTHF (n = 15) | Control (n = 15) | ANOVA p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12 weeks | Baseline | 12 weeks | Baseline | 12 weeks | ||
| Resting HR, b/min | 67.4 ± 11.6 | 64.3 ± 17.4* | 64.6 ± 13.2 | 60.0 ± 15.3* | 66.1 ± 11.8 | 67.1 ± 20.5 | 0.034 |
| Resting SBP, mmHg | 126.6 ± 34.0 | 121.1 ± 44.7* | 125.8 ± 27.4 | 115.6 ± 39.0* | 126.1 ± 30.9 | 125.5 ± 42.1 | 0.028 |
| Resting DBP, mmHg | 82.2 ± 14.7 | 80.2 ± 16.7 | 83.6 ± 14.4 | 82.2 ± 20.4 | 82.8 ± 15.3 | 81.3 ± 16.4 | 0.311 |
| Time at ergometric test, s | 345.5 ± 71.8 | 434.6 ± 88.2* | 339.0 ± 96.4 | 442.9 ± 74.8* | 341 ± 93.5 | 375 ± 86.1 | <0.001 |
| Echocardiography | |||||||
| LVEDV, mm3/m2 | 66.6 ± 22.3 | 67.8 ± 17.4 | 67.9 ± 19.5 | 68.3 ± 24.0 | 68.7 ± 18.8 | 68.3 ± 26.3 | 0.211 |
| LVESV, mm3/m2 | 36.7 ± 12.3 | 37.0 ± 14.5 | 37.1 ± 14.6 | 36.8 ± 12.7 | 37.6 ± 13.7 | 36.8 ± 11.1 | 0.141 |
| LVEF, % | 55.3 ± 8.4 | 54.6 ± 7.9 | 54.6 ± 7.2 | 54.1 ± 8.8 | 54.3 ± 11.8 | 54.1 ± 8.4 | 0.152 |
| LVGLS, % | −17.3 ± 4.8 | −18.8 ± 5.5 | −18.5 ± 4.1 | −21.8 ± 6.7*,** | −17.7 ± 5.1 | −17.9 ± 5.3 | 0.017 |
| E, cm/s | 57.5 ± 14.3 | 58.3 ± 17.0 | 58.7 ± 18.9 | 60.3 ± 11.8 | 57.8 ± 11.8 | 59.7 ± 16.3 | 0.242 |
| A, cm/s | 59.0 ± 16.1 | 60.4 ± 15.1 | 62.6 ± 16.3 | 61.8 ± 13.5 | 61.2 ± 17.4 | 60.9 ± 15.4 | 0.286 |
| E/A ratio | 0.97 ± 0.3 | 0.93 ± 0.5 | 0.94 ± 0.5 | 0.96 ± 0.4 | 0.94 ± 0.7 | 0.93 ± 0.3 | 0.175 |
| E′, cm/s | 6.3 ± 1.3 | 6.7 ± 2.2 | 6.7 ± 1.7 | 7.0 ± 3.1 | 6.5 ± 2.2 | 6.9 ± 2.6 | 0.138 |
| E/E′ ratio | 9.1 ± 2.0 | 8.7 ± 1.8 | 8.7 ± 1.8 | 8.6 ± 2.4 | 8.8 ± 1.8 | 8.7 ± 3.0 | 0.187 |
| TRV, m/s | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 0.295 |
| PALS, % | 14.0 ± 4.6 | 17.2 ± 6.1* | 13.8 ± 2.9 | 19.8 ± 6.4*,** | 14.2 ± 3.1 | 15.0 ± 4.6 | 0.003 |
| PACS, % | 12.5 ± 3.9 | 14.1 ± 5.1 | 12.1 ± 3.4 | 18.2 ± 3.9*,** | 12.6 ± 3.2 | 13.2 ± 4.8 | <0.001 |
| LAVI, ml/m2 | 27.8 ± 7.4 | 26.4 ± 5.8 | 26.6 ± 6.6 | 25.3 ± 5.0 | 28.4 ± 8.7 | 27.9 ± 6.2 | 0.435 |
HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; GLS, global longitudinal strain; TRV, tricuspid regurgitation velocity; PALS, peak atrial longitudinal strain; PACS, peak atrial contraction strain; LAVI, left atrial volume index.
*
p < 0.05 vs. control.
**
p < 0.05 vs. the intervention arm.