Table 3.

Comparison of critical cultural competencies scores between control and intervention groups before and after the training program

	Time	Pre-intervention	Post-intervention
Variables	Groups	M ± SD	M ± SD a	Within group differences	ES (Cohen d)	Paired t-test	P- value b
Cultural awareness	Intervention	4.29 ± 0.97	5 ± 0.75	0.7	0.8	-4.11	0.001
	Control	4.46 ± 0.91	4.62 ± 0.6	0.15	0.2	-1.07	0.29
	Independent t- test	0.74	2.27
	P-value	0.45	0.02
	ES* (Cohen d)	0.17	0.54
Cultural knowledge	Intervention	4.38 ± 0.88	5.48 ± 0.53	1.09	1.5	-6.71	0.001
	Control	4.54 ± 0.87	4.65 ± 0.96	0.11	0.12	-0.60	0.55
	Independent t- test	-0.73	4.42
	P-value	0.46	0.001
	ES* (Cohen d)	0.17	1.05
Cultural skills	Intervention	4.29 ± 1.36	5.58 ± 1.27	1.28	0.97	-4.30	0.001
	Control	4.7 ± 1.07	4.71 ± 1.2	0.008	0.007	-0.06	0.95
	Independent t- test	-1.40	2.92
	P-value	0.16	0.005
	ES* (Cohen d)	0.33	0.69
Cultural empowerment	Intervention	4.6 ± 1.11	5.39 ± 0.68	0.78	0.85	-3.66	0.001
	Control	5 ± 0.62	4.89 ± 0.59	0.11	0.18	1.31	0.19
	Independent t- test	-1.85	3.25
	P-value	0.06	0.002
Total of critical cultural competence	Intervention	4.53 ± 0.64	5.33 ± 0.49	0.79	1.4	-6.34	0.001
	Control	4.73 ± 0.42	4.75 ± 0.44	0.02	0.47	-0.33	0.73
	Independent t- test	-1.53	5.14
	P-value	0.13	0.001
	ES* (Cohen d)	0.36	1.22

Note. ^a: SD, Standard deviation, and M, Mean. The cutoff point of mean ≥ 5 indicates positive critical cultural competence

^b: Bold p-values are significant at a level of ≤ 0.05

ES: Effect size, and ES of 0-0.2 = small effect, ES of 0.2–0.5 = moderate effect, ES of > 0.5–0.7 = large effect, and ES of > 0.7 = very large effect