Table 2.
Table of study characteristics
| Author and Publication Year | Study Design | Study Location | Subject Characteristics | Intervention | Follow-up Duration | Outcomes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study Phase | Blinding | Parameter used | Cure Results | |||||
| a. H. pylori infections with single probiotic regimen (Bifidobacterium) | ||||||||
| Cekin et al., 2017 [6] | NR | Single- blind | Antalya, Turkey |
159 patients were diagnosed with H. pylori via endoscopic gastric biopsies Group I (ERA + Probiotic) as I: - n: 53 - mean ± SD age: 47.7 ± 14.0 - 45.3% were males Group II (ERA + Placebo) as C: - n: 52 - mean ± SD age: 46.4 ± 13.4 - 51.9% were males Group III (ERA only): - n: 54 - mean ± SD age: 46.3 ± 11.9 - 44.4% were males |
All patients received 2 weeks of STT with amoxicillin 1000 mg + PPI (Pantoprazole 40 mg) in the first week and then metronidazole 500 mg + clarithromycin 500 mg + PPI 40 mg in the second week) At the same time, the patients were divided into three arms: Group I (ERA + Probiotic): Patients received a probiotic supplement with Maflor® (7 × 109 CFU B. animalis subsp. lactis B94; 1 capsule/day) Group II (ERA + Placebo): Patients received placebo treatment (1 capsule/day) Group III (ERA only): Patients received no additional treatments |
4 weeks after the end of therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via a 14C UBT |
I (Group I): 86.8% P (Group II): 69.2% p-value: 0.003 (S) |
| Chitapanarux et al., 2015 [9] | NR | Double blind | Chiang Mai, Thailand |
63 patients with dyspeptic complaints Intervention group: - mean ± SD age: 52.6 ± 11.3 - 45.2% were males Placebo group: - mean ± SD age: 49.4 ± 13.3 - 43.7% were males |
1 week-standard triple therapy (esomeprazole 40 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg) twice a day + 4 weeks-probiotics Combif AR® (B. longum BB536; 2 capsules/twice a day or placebo; 2 capsules/twice a day, or as a placebo | 4 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via a 13C UBT |
I: 93.33% P: 73.33% p-value: 0.040 (S) |
| Dajani et al., 2013 [11] | NR | Single- blind | Dubai, Uni Emirates Arab |
206 patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms Group A (as Control/placebo): - n: 106 - mean age: 37.2 - 48.1% were males Group B (as Intervention): - n: 100 - mean age: 37.3 - 51% were males Group C (): - n: 100 - mean age: 37.3 - 51% were males Group D (): - n: 76 - mean age: 38.3 - 50% were males |
All patients received 2 weeks of STT with PPI, amoxicillin 1000 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg, or metronidazole 400 mg) twice a day Then, the patients were divided into four arms: Group A (STT only or as placebo group): Patient received no additional treatments Group B (as Intervention group): Patients received a probiotic supplement with B. infantis 2036 at 3 × 109 CFU (twice daily) for 10 days Group C: Patients were planned for a lead-in period of 2 weeks with probiotic B. infantis 2036 at 3 × 109 CFU (twice daily) alone, then followed by triple therapy combined with B. infantis as an adjuvant (same as in group B) for the subsequent 10 days Group D: Patients treated with STT regimen together with B. infantis 2036 at 3 × 109 CFU (twice daily) for 10 days |
6–8 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via a 14C UBT |
I: 83% C: 68.9% p-value: 0.001 (S) |
| b. H. pylori infections with single probiotic regimen (Lactobacillus) | ||||||||
| Deguchi et al., 2012 [12] | NR | Single- blind | Kanagawa, Japan |
229 patients diagnosed with an H. pylori infection Intervention group: - mean age: 55.9 - 66.1% were males Placebo group: - mean age: 57.8 - 57.9% were males |
1 week: STT (rabeprazole 10 mg, amoxicillin 570 mg, clarithromycin 200) + 4 weeks-probiotics (L. gasseri OLL2716 yogurt; 112 g) twice daily (3 weeks pretreatment followed by 1 week during eradication therapy), or as a placebo | 8 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via a 13C UBT |
I: 85.6% P: 74.5% p-value: 0.041 (S) |
| Emara et al., 2014 [15] | NR | Double-blind | Zagagig, Egypt |
213 patients with dyspeptic symptoms Group A (as Intervention): - mean age: 33.2 ± 13.9 -37.1% were males Group B (as Placebo): - mean age: 36.9 ± 11.1 - 31.4% were males |
2 weeks-STT (omeprazole 20 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg) twice a day + 4 weeks-probiotics 1 capsule of L. reuteri DSM 17938, L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475, 1 × 108 CFU twice a day (2 weeks probiotics alone, then followed by 2 weeks during eradication therapy), or as a placebo | 4 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was used GSRS score |
I: 74.3% P: 65.7% p-value: 0.603 (NS) |
| Francavilla et al., 2014 [17] | NR | Double-blind | Bari, Italy |
478 consecutive patients with dyspepsia Intervention group: - mean age: 49.0 - 36% were males Placebo group: - mean age: 44.0 - 42% were males |
1 weeks-STT (clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and PPI) + probiotics (L. reuteri DSM 17938 and L. reuteri ATCC 6475, dose 2 × 108 CFU) 1 capsule daily, or as a placebo | 4 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via a 13C UBT |
I: 76.7% P: 67.4% p-value: > 0.050 (NS) |
| Ismail et al., 2023 [28] | NS | Double Blind | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
90 patients diagnosed with an H. pylori infection Probiotic group: - median age: 49 (37.5–68.8) - 52.6% were males |
2 weeks STT (amoxicillin clarithromycin, esomeprazole) + 4 weeks- 1 capsule (200 mg) probiotic or placebo once daily | 8 weeks from baseline of eradication | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via a 14C UBT |
I: 93.2% P: 68.9% p-value: < 0.001 (S) |
| c. H. pylori infections with single probiotic regimen (Saccharomyces) | ||||||||
| Seddik et al., 2019 [48] | NR | Single-blind | Rabat, Morocco |
199 patients with H. pylori infection confirmed by endoscopic gastric biopsy Intervention group: - mean age ± SD: 43.2 ± 13.2 - 46.7% were males Placebo group: - mean age ± SD: 46.3 ± 13.8 - 53.2% were males |
10 days: STT (omeprazole 20 mg, amoxicillin 1 g) twice daily for 5 days, then followed by twice daily 5 days of triple therapy (omeprazole 20 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg, metronidazole 500 mg) + 10 days of probiotics (S. boulardii 250 mg), or as a placebo | 4 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via a 13C UBT |
I: 87.5% P: 78.9% p-value: 0.040 (S) |
| Zhao et al., 2021 [66] | NR | Double-blind | Hubei, China(Torres et al., 2014) |
360 patients with H. pylori infection Group B (as Intervention): - mean age ± SD: 45.3 ± 11.5 - 50.9% were males Group A (as Placebo): - mean age ± SD: 46.7 ± 12.8 - 54.3% were males |
2 weeks- SQT (esomeprazole 20 mg, amoxicillin 1 g, clarithromycin 500 mg, bismuth potassium citrate) + 2 weeks- probiotics (S. boulardii 500 mg), or as a placebo | 4 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via a 13C/14C UBT |
I: 94.2% P: 89.7% p-value: 0.146 (NS) |
| Zojaji et al., 2013 [67] | NR | Single- blind | Tehran, Iran |
160 patients with H. pylori infection All group: - mean age ± SD: 47.1 ± 11.4 - 41.3% were males |
2 weeks-STT (amoxicillin 1000 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg, omeprazole, 30 mg) + 2 weeks-probiotics (S. boulardii 250 mg), or as a placebo | 8 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via UBT |
I: 87.5% P: 81.2% p-value: 0.350 (NS) |
| d. H. pylori infections with single probiotic regimen (Clostridium) | ||||||||
| Chen et al., 2018 [8] | NR | Single- blind | Zhejiang, China |
Of the 70 patients enrolled, H. pylori positive gastritis was diagnosed by esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy Group A (as Placebo): - mean age ± SD: 46.7 ± 12.8 - 54.3% were males Group B (as Intervention): - mean age ± SD: 45.3 ± 11.5 - 50.9% were males |
Group A (as Placebo): 2 weeks-SQT (pantoprazole 40 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg, furazolidone 100 mg, colloidal bismuth pectin 0.4 g) twice a day Group B (as Intervention): 2 weeks-SQT same with group A + probiotics (Clostridium butyricum, 40 mg, 3 times/day) |
8 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via 13C UBT |
I: 96.9% P: 96.8% p-value: 1.000 (NS) |
| e. H. pylori infections with multiple probiotic regimens | ||||||||
| Dore et al., 2019 [14] | NR | Single- blind | Sassari, Italy |
99 patients diagnosed with dyspeptic symptoms and found positive for H pylori infection were studied Group I (as Intervention): - mean age ± SD: 54.1 ± 14 - 32.6% were males Group II (as Placebo): - mean age ± SD: 52.2 ± 14 - 54.3% were males |
Group I (with Probiotic): 10 days-SQT (pantoprazole 20 mg, tetracycline 500 mg, metronidazole 500 mg, PPI) twice a day + 4 weeks-probiotic supplement with Gastrus® 1 capsule (2 × 108 CFU of L. reuteri DSM 17 938 and 2 × 108 CFU of L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475) once daily Group II (Placebo): 10 days-pantoprazole 20 mg and the same doses of antibiotics administered as tetracycline 250 mg and metronidazole 250 mg plus Pylera® 2 capsules twice a day |
4 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Rates of eradication at 4 weeks after the end of therapy |
I: 84.8% P: 95.7% p-value: 0.255 (NS) |
| Grgov et al., 2016 [21] | NR | Single- blind | Leskovac, Serbia |
167 patients with endoscopic and histological findings of chronic gastritis Group I (as Placebo): - mean age ± SD: 56.2 ± 14.8 - 35.1% were males Group II (as Intervention): - mean age ± SD: 56.3 ± 14.8 - 46.7% were males - |
Group I (Placebo): 5 weeks- in the first week were treated with STT (lansoprazole 2 × 30 mg, amoxicillin 2 × 1000 mg, clarithromycin 2 × 500) after the 7th day of the therapy, lansoprazole was continued in dose of 30 mg for 4 weeks Group II (with probiotic): were treated same STT as well as the patients in group 1 with an additional 1 capsule of probiotics containing S. boulardii, Lactobacillus acidophilus rosell-52, Lactobacillus rhamnosus rosell-11, and B. longum rosell-175, total 5 × 109 CFU; once a day during lunch |
8 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via UBT |
I: 93.3% P: 81.8% p-value: 0.05 (NS) |
| Haghdoost et al., 2017 [22] | NR | Single- blind | Tabriz, Iran |
176 patients with dyspeptic symptoms Intervention group: - mean age ± SD: 54.1 ± 14 - 32.6% were males Placebo group: - mean age ± SD: 52.2 ± 14 - 54.3% were males |
10 days-STT (pantoprazole 40 mg, amoxicillin 100 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg) + 4 weeks after therapy-probiotics supplement of Prodigest® 500 mg contains Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium with a total of 15 × 108 CFU/capsule, or as a placebo | 4 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via Toyo H. pylori antigen test stool |
I: 78.4% P: 64.8% p-value: 0.033 (S) |
| Hauser et al., 2015 [24] | NR | Double-blind | Rijeka, Croatia |
804 subjects with confirmed H. pylori infection All group: - mean age ± SD: 28.3 ± 5.8 - 53.9% were males |
2 weeks-STT (omeprazole 2 × 20 mg, clarithromycin 2 × 500 mg, amoxicillin 2 × 1000 mg) + 2 weeks-probiotics supplement of Normia® contains L. rhamnosus GG (LGG®) and Bifidobacterium (BB-12®) with total 1 × 108 until 1 × 1010, twice a day, or as a placebo | 6 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via UBT |
I: 87.38% P: 72.55% p-value: 0.001 (S) |
| McNicholl et al., 2018 [41] | NR | Double-blind | Madrid, Spain |
209 patients with H. pylori infection Intervention group: - mean age ± SD: 47 ± 13 - 40% were males Placebo group: - mean age ± SD: 45 ± 13 - 35% were males |
10 days-STT (PPI at standard doses (e.g., omeprazole 20 mg), clarithromycin 500 mg, and amoxicillin 1 g) twice daily + 10 days-1 capsule probiotic formula combining 2 bacterial strain 1 × 109 CFU for each strain of Lactobacillus plantarum, CETC7879 and Pediococcus acidilactici CETC7880), or as a placebo | 6 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via 13C-UBT |
I: 97% P: 95.2% p-value: 0.721 (NS) |
| Rodriguez et al., 2013 [44] | NR | Double-blind | Sao Paulo, Brazil |
107 patients with peptic ulcer or functional dyspepsia Intervention group: - mean age ± SD: NR - 38.2% were males Placebo group: - mean age ± SD: NR - 36.5% were males |
7 days-STT (30 mg of lansoprazole, 500 mg tetracycline, 200 mg furazolidone (twice a day) + 4 weeks-probiotics formula combining 4 bacterial strain 1.25 × 109 CFUs for each strain of L. acidophillus, L. rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Streptococcus faecium, twice a day, or as a placebo (containing acidified milk powder was also provided at the same amount and with the same instructions) | 4 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via 13C-UBT |
I: 89.8% P: 85.1% p-value: 0.490 (NS) |
| Shavaki et al., 2013 [51] | NR | Triple- blind | Isfahan, Iran |
170 patients with peptic ulcer disease and confirmed H. pylori infection Intervention group: - mean age ± SD: 42.3 ± 13.3 - 54.4% were males Placebo group: - mean age ± SD: 42.2 ± 13.2 - 66,6% were males |
2 weeks-SQT (20 mg omeprazole, 240 mg bismuth subcitrate, 1000 amoxicillin, 500 clarithromycin) + 2 weeks-probiotics formula combining seven bacterial strains with total count 1 × 108 CFU/capsule (Lactobacillus: L. casei, L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, and L. bulgaricus; Bifidobacterium: B. breve, B. longum; Streptococcus thermophile), or as a placebo | 4 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via 13C-UBT |
I: 76.6% P: 81.1% p-value: 0.292 (NS) |
| Srinarong et al., 2014 [54] | NR | Single- blind | Bangkok, Thailand |
100 patients with H. pylori infection All group: - mean age: 50.5 - 28% were males |
STT consisted of lansoprazole 30 mg (twice daily), amoxicillin 1 g (twice daily) and clarithromycin 1 g (once daily), bismuth subsalicylate 1.048 mg (twice daily) Probiotic yogurt composed of Bifidobacterium lactis, L. acidophillus, and Lactobacillus paracasei (≥ 109 CFU/serve or as a placebo (conventional yogurt without probiotics) Then, the patients were divided into four arms: Group I: 7-day STT + probiotic Group II: 14-day STT + probiotic Group III: 7-day STT + placebo Group IV: 14-day STT + placebo |
2 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via rapid urea test |
I7-day probiotic (Group 1): 100% P7-day placebo (Group III): 81.1% p-value: (NS) I14-day probiotic (Group II): 100% P14-day placebo (Group IV): 96% p-value: (NS) |
| Tang et al., 2021 [56] | NR | Single- blind | Chongqing, China |
162 patients with H. pylori infection Intervention group: - mean age ± SD: 43.3 ± 11.3 - 71.4% were males Placebo group: - mean age ± SD: 45.3 ± 10.9 - 59.5% were males |
2 weeks of SQT (esomeprazole 20 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg, furazolidone 100 mg, bismuth potassium citrate 220 mg) twice daily + 4 weeks-probiotics supplement with Medilac-S contains Enterococcus faecium 4.5 × 108 and Bacillus subtilis 5.0 × 107, 3 times a day, or as a placebo (maltodextrin) | 6 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via 13C-UBT |
I: 89.33% P: 84.72% p-value: 0.226 (NS) |
| Tongtawe et al., 2015 [57] | NR | Single- blind | Bangkok, Thailand |
200 patients with H. pylori associated gastritis Intervention group: - mean age: 47.5 - 42.8% were males Placebo group: - mean age: 45.2 - 30.2% were males |
1 week-STT (esomeprazole 20 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg, metronidazole 400 mg) + 1 week of pretreatment with probiotic containing L. delbrueckii, subsp. bulgaricus, and S. thermophilus), or as a placebo | 4 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via rapid urea test |
I: 90.8% P: 84.3% p-value: 0.040 (S) |
| Tongtawe et al., 2015 [58] | NR | Single- blind | Bangkok, Thailand |
300 patients diagnosed with H. pylori associated gastritis Group I (Placebo): - n: 98 - mean age: 46.2 - 49% were males Group II (with Probiotic before STT): - n: 97 - mean age: 55.9 - 49% were males Group III (with Probiotic before and after STT): - n: 100 mean age: 51% |
Group 1 (Placebo): 1 week- STT (esomeprazole 20 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg, metronidazole 400 mg) + placebo Group II (with Probiotic before STT): 1 week-pretreatment with probiotics containing Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) Group III (with Probiotic before and after STT): 1 week- pretreatment probiotic before tailored triple therapy then followed by 1 week of the same probiotic after treatment |
4 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy | Evaluation of the H. pylori status was repeated via rapid urea test |
I: 74.5% P: 77.3% p-value: 0.010 (S) |
| f. Urinary Tract Infection | ||||||||
| Cohen et al., 2020 [10] | IIb | Randomized Double-blind | United States of America |
228 participants with BV, diagnosed by Nugent Score 4–7 Intervention group: - mean age ± SD: 30.7 ± 6.8 - 100% were females Placebo group: - mean age ± SD: 31.4 ± 7.1 - 100% were females |
11 weeks-Metronidazole in combination with Lactin V at 2 × 109 CFU contains Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05, twice weekly or as a placebo The placebo formulation contained the same inactive ingredients as Lactin-V, without L. crispastus CTV-05 |
12 weeks after the probiotic treatment | The parameter used is Gram’s staining of the vaginal smear was used to determine the Nugent score; normal (0 to 3), intermediate (4 to 6), or indicative of bacterial vaginosis (7 to 10) |
I: 57% P: 39% p-value: 0.010 (S) |
| Laue et al., 2017 [33] | II | Randomiezed double blind | Bad Segeber, Germany |
48 participants with BV diagnosed by Nugent score Intervention group: - mean age ± SD: 32.6 ± 11.2 - 100% were females Placebo group: - mean age ± SD: 39.0 ± 12.3 - 100% were females |
4 weeks-Metronidazole with Verum (yogurt contains L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. rhamnosus, and L. jensenii with a total 1 × 107 CFU/mL), 2 yogurt drinks daily or as a placebo The placebo treatment consisted of daily 2 × 125 g chemically (with H3PO4) acidified milk without bacterial strains |
4 weeks after the probiotic treatment | The parameter used is Nugent score 0–3 |
I: 81.3% P: 64.7% p-value: 0.438 (NS) |
| Sgibnev et al., 2019 [50] | II | Randomized Double-blind | Orenburg, Russia |
86 of the participants with BV were diagnosed by Amsel’s Criteria Intervention group: - mean age ± SD: 25.3 ± 2.4 - 100% were females Placebo group: - mean age ± SD: 23.6 ± 2.1 100% were females |
2 weeks-Metronidazole (2 × 500 mg) + 1 capsule of probiotic Gynophilus® vaginally (Lactobacillus casei var. rhamnosus) twice in a day, or as a Placebo | 15 days after the probiotic treatment | The parameter used is Nugent score 0–3 |
I: 88.6% P: 42.9% p value’: < 0.001 (S) |
| Happel et al., 2020 [23] | II | Randomized single-blind | Cape town, south africa |
43 of the participants were confirmed to have BV by Nugent’s criteria Intervention group: - mean age: 22 - 100% were females Placebo group: - mean age: 23 - 100% were females |
5 days-topical metronidazole once a day with a 15 days-treatment of probiotic (L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus GG, B. bifidum, and B. longum ≥ 2 × 109 CFU) or as a placebo | 20 weeks after the probiotic treatment | The parameter used is Nugent score 0–3 |
I: 33.8% P: 63.6% p-value: 0.109 (NS) |
| Russo et al, 2019 [47] | II | Randomized Double-blind | Romania |
48 of the participants were confirmed to have BV by Nugent’s criteria Intervention group: - mean age ± SD: 35.4 ± 9.2 - 100% were females Placebo group: - mean age ± SD: 36.7 ± 7.7 - 100% were females |
1 weeks-metronidazole oral twice daily with Verum (ingredients L. acidophilus LMG S29159 and L. rhamnosus ATCC SD5675) or placebo, 2 capsules/day for 5 days followed by 1 capsule/day for 10 days The placebo was an identical capsule containing the inactive ingredient maltodextrin (100 mg) |
24 weeks after the probiotic treatment | The parameter used is Nugent score 0–3 |
I: 83.3% P: 37.5% p-value: < 0.010 (S) |
| Zhang et al., 2021 [64] | II | Randomized, single-center prospective parallel group | Peking, China |
99 participants were confirmed BV by Nugent’s criteria Intervention group: - mean age ± SD: 34.2 ± 7.0 - 100% were females Placebo group: - mean age ± SD: 33.3 ± 7.5 - 100% were females |
7 days-metronidazole suppositories with probiotics (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Limosilactobacillus reuteri RC-14) drink or placebo The placebo was received metronidazole vaginal suppositories only |
12 weeks after the probiotic treatment | The parameter used is Nugent score 0–3 |
I: 57.69% P: 59.57% p-value: 0.040 (S) |
| g. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection | ||||||||
| Hemsworth et al., 2015 [25] | Randomized, three-period, crossover controlled trial | Double-blinded | Ontario- Canada |
25 patients stable HAART therapy All group: - mean age ± SD: 47.9 ± 9.3 - 75% were males |
Antiretroviral (ART) with 3 treatment sequences: 1. Type A contained micronutrients 175 g (vit. A, vit E, Niacinamide, vit. B1, vit. B12, vit. B6, vit. C, iron, selenium, zinc, DHA, EPA) and L. rhamnosus CAN-1 (min 109 CFU/mL) 2. Type B contained only micronutrients 3. Type C: contained only L. rhamnosus CAN-1 (109 CFU/ML) The period of intake for each of the types was 30 days with a 14-day wash-out period between the intervention types |
Assessment of CD4 cell count was obtained on days 0 and 30 | The parameter used is CD4+ cell increasing |
CD4+ cell count increased on average (Mean Δ) by Type A: 19.2 ± 142 cells/uL (p-value: 0.543, NS) Baseline: 619 ± 316 Follow-up: 638 ± 384 Type B: 40.5 ± 221 cells/uL (p-value: 0.411, NS) Baseline: 569 ± 351 Follow-up: 637 ± 357 Type C: -6.6 ± 154 cells/uL (p-value: 0.845, NS) Baseline: 654 ± 368 Follow-up: 639 ± 357 |
| Yang et al., 2014 [62] | NR | Double-blind | Los Angeles, California |
17 patients (10 probiotic, 7 placebo) with chronic HIV-1 infection Intervention group: - mean age: 50.4 - 100% were males Placebo group: - Mean age: 48.4 - 86% were males |
Antiretroviral (ART) + 12 weeks received a daily/capsule probiotics (GanedinBC®) 2 × 109 CFU of Bacillus coagulans GBI-30 or placebo | Assessment of CD4+ cell count was obtained at days 0 and 90 | The parameter used is CD4+ cell increasing |
Intervention: CD4+ cell count at Baseline: 485 ± 152 Follow-up: 508 ± 150 Placebo: CD4+ cell count at Baseline: 432 ± 155 Follow-up: 486 ± 229 |