Table 2.
GRADE profile.
| Outcomes | Numbers of participants (studies) | Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) | Effect |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relative effect(95% CI) | Absolute effect(95% CI) | |||
| Pain score at 24 hours after surgery | 380(6 RCTs) | ⨁⨁◯◯Low a ,b | – | MD 0.74 lower(1.39 lower to 0.08 lower) |
| Pain score at 0 hours after surgery | 130(3 RCTs) | ⨁⨁◯◯Low a ,c | – | MD 0.01 higher(0.39 lower to 0.40 higher) |
| Pain score at 2 hours after surgery | 217(4 RCTs) | ⨁◯◯◯Very low a ,b,c | – | MD 0.22 lower(0.54 lower to 0.11 higher) |
| Pain score at 4 hours after surgery | 217(4 RCTs) | ⨁◯◯◯Very low a ,b,c | – | MD 0.05 higher(0.85 lower to 0.95 higher) |
| Pain score at 6 hours after surgery | 205(4 RCTs) | ⨁◯◯◯Very low b ,c | – | MD 0.54 lower(1.19 lower to 0.12 higher) |
| Pain score at 8 hours after surgery | 130(3 RCTs) | ⨁⨁⨁◯Moderate a | – | MD 0.65 lower(1.03 lower to 0.28 lower) |
| Pain score at 12 hours after surgery | 70(2 RCTs) | ⨁⨁◯◯Low a ,c | – | MD 1.00 higher(0.04 higher to 2.04 higher) |
a
Some of the included trials had an unclear risk of bias.
b
Heterogeneity across trials was observed.
c
The included trials had wide 95% CIs.
CI, confidence interval; MD, mean difference; RCT, randomized controlled trial; GRADE, Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation.