Fig. 1.

Glucose-enriched diets shorten lifespan through insulin/IGF-1 signaling and AMPK pathways in C. elegans. Glucose feeding decreases the activity of DAF-16/FOXO, a downstream transcription factor of DAF-2/insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) receptor (InR). Down-regulation of DAF-16/FOXO and its target AQP-1/aquaporin 1 on a glucose-rich diet results in short lifespan and increases the expression of INS-7/insulin-like peptide that amplifies the IIS. In addition, decreased AMP/ATP ratio on a glucose-rich diet reduces the activity of AMPK, and this leads to short lifespan. AMPK is also known to increase the activity of DAF-16/FOXO [46]