Table 1.

Relevant non-viral systems for the delivery of RNAi into human cells for chondrogenesis

Delivery method		Carrier	Target	Human cells	References
Lipid-based delivery systems	↑ Easy to prepare ↑ Cost-effective ↓ Cytotoxicity ↓ Low efficiency ↓ Immunoresponse	INTERFERin™	Collagen I, HTRA1	Chondrocytes	[36]
		Oligofectamine™	ANGPTL4	MSCs	[37]
		Lipofectamine 2000™	MMP13	Chondrocytes	[117]
			miR-30a	Chondrocytes	[38]
			circRNA-CER	Chondrocytes	[108]
			SLUG	MSCs	[61]
			ADAMTS5	Chondrocytes	[118]
		Lipofectamine RNAiMax™	NR1D1, BMAL1	Chondrocytes	[119]
			miR-222	MSCs	[102]
			Raptor	MSCs	[120]
			miR-221	MSCs	[32, 60]
		Lipofectamine LTX™	miR-495	MSCs	[94]
		XtremeGENE™	AIMP1	Chondrocytes	[23]
Electroporation	↑ Very effective ↑ Reproducible ↓ Cell damage	Amaxa Nucleofector™ Technology	RUNX2	Chondrogenic progenitor cells	[53]
			MEK5, ERK5	Multipotent progenitor cells	[66]
Nanoparticles (NP)	↑ Very effective ↑ Limited toxicity ↓ High costs	LNCs, Span 80™	REST	MSCs	[121]
		PLGA	RUNX2	MSCs	[21, 42]
		p5RHH peptide	NF-kB	Chondrocytes	[43]
		Chitosan	MMP3/13	Chondrocytes	[122]
		MNP/PEI	miR-335	MSCs	[123]
Quantum dot (QD)	↑ Very effective ↑ Traceability ↓ Cytotoxicity	QD-SMCC	SOX9	MSCs	[46]
		RGD-β-CD-QD	RUNX2	MSCs	[45]
Extracellular vesicles (EV)	↑ Non-immunogenic ↑ Stability ↓ Expensive	HEK293T (EV)	GFP	HUVEC, MSCs	[47]