Table 1.

Strategies to selectively eliminate the tumorigenic hPSCs

Strategies	Name	Mode of action or target	Cell model	Refs.
Small molecules	Quercetin	BIRC5 repression, CypD interaction	hPSCs vs hDFs, hASMCs, hiPSC-derived SMCs, hESC-derived dopaminergic neurons	[32, 37]
	YM155	BIRC5 repression or DNA damage (?)	hPSCs vs hDFs, hASMCs, hiPSC-derived SMCs, hESC-derived dopaminergic neurons	[32]
	Taxol and purvalanol A	BIRC5 repression	hESC-derived teratoma	[33]
	Purvalanol A, Ro-3306, Dinaciclib	CDK inhibition	Human and mouse ESCs vs mES-diff, hESC-derived pancreatic progenitor cells	[39]
	Etoposide	DNA damage	mPSCs vs MEFs	[38]
	PluriSIn#2	Suppression of Topoisomerase II alpha	hPSCs vs hPSC-derived various cell types, fibroblasts	[41]
	Metformin	Unknown	miPSCs vs MEFs	[50]
	JC011	Unknown	hPSCs vs MRC-5, human neonatal cardiomyocytes	[48]
	S18 (N-oleoyl serinol)	Ceramide analog, PKC delta inhibition	Human and mouse ESCs	[31]
	27-deoxy-27-oxookadaate	ABCB1 and ABCG2	hiPSCs vs adrenal gland, liver, bronchia and prostate cells	[49]
Targeting hPSCs’ specific metabolism	PluriSIn#1	Oleate synthesis inhibitor to inhibit stearoyl-coA desaturase (SCD1)	hPSCs vs fibroblasts, hepatocytes, cardiomyoctes, NSCs, MSCs	[40]
	MitoBloCK-6	Erv1 oxidase	hESCs vs hDFs	[46]
	Glucose and glutamine free medium with lactate supplement	High dependency of glucose and glutamine metabolism	hPSCs vs hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes	[47]
	HSVtk and GCV	Inhibition of DNA elongation	hPSCs vs MRC-5	[52–57]
Introducing suicide gene and miRNA switch	KillerRed with visual light	Oxidative damage	hESCs, mPSCs vs mESC-derived endothelial cells	[60]
	Inducible caspase 9	Apoptosis induction	hiPSCs	[64, 65]
	miR-302a switch	micro-RNA-302a	hiPSCs vs NHDF, hiPSC-derived dopaminergic-like neuronal cells	[68]
	SSEA-5 mAb	SSEA-5	hPSCs vs RA-induced differentiated cell mixtures	[76]
Targeting hPSCs’ specific surface markers with antibody or protein	Claudin-6 mAb	Claudin-6	hPSCs vs ectodermal and mesodermal cell types	[77]
	mAb 84	Podocalyxin-like Protein 1	hESCs, hECs vs hEBs, mESC, mouse fibroblasts	[74]
	rBC2LCN-PE23	Hyperglycosylated podocalyxin	hPSCs vs Human fibroblasts, hADSCs	[79]
	Antibody conjugated gold nanoparticle with laser exposure	Photothermolysis	hESCs vs hESC-derived neural precursors	[81]
Phototoxic approach	CDy1 with visual light	Oxidative damage	Human and mouse PSCs vs hESC-derived endothelial cells	[82]

PSCs pluripotent stem cells, ESCs embryonic stem cells, EB embryonic body, EC embryonic carcinoma, DFs dermal fibroblasts, ASMCs aortic smooth muscle cells, NSCs neural stem cells, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts, NHDF normal human dermal fibroblasts, MEFs mouse embryonic fibroblasts, ADSCs adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, RA retinoic acid