Table 1.

A selection of landmark studies that allowed the field of in cell studies of IDPs to develop into maturity

Protein	Disease model	Biophysical technique	Cell type	Delivery method	References
Human superoxide dismutase 1	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	NMR	Escherichia coli	Overexpression	[147]
Human superoxide dismutase 1	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	NMR	Human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells	Overexpression	[80, 134]
Human superoxide dismutase 1	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	NMR	HeLa cells	HIV-1 TAT cell penetrating peptide	[148]
α-Synuclein	Parkinson’s disease	NMR	HeLa cells	Streptolysin O toxin	[82]
α-Synuclein	Parkinson’s disease	NMR, EPR	HeLa cells	Electroporation	[54]
Thymosin-β4	Human carcinomas	NMR	Human embryonic kidney (HEK293F) cells	Streptolysin O toxin	[83]
Tau protein	Alzheimer’s dementia	NMR	Xenopus laevis oocytes	Microinjection	[53]
Prothymosin-α	Diabetes	FRET	Xenopus laevis oocytes	Microinjection	[149]
FlgM	Salmonella typhimurium	NMR	Escherichia coli	Overexpression	[129, 130]
α-Synuclein	Parkinson’s disease	NMR	Escherichia coli	Overexpression	[108, 130]

Various techniques, cell types and IDPs provided the experimental proof that also inside the cell the intrinsic protein disorder can be directly visualized. Different researchers have conducted these experiments often in the context of human diseases