Table 1.
Protein | Disease model | Biophysical technique | Cell type | Delivery method | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human superoxide dismutase 1 | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | NMR | Escherichia coli | Overexpression | [147] |
Human superoxide dismutase 1 | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | NMR | Human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells | Overexpression | [80, 134] |
Human superoxide dismutase 1 | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | NMR | HeLa cells | HIV-1 TAT cell penetrating peptide | [148] |
α-Synuclein | Parkinson’s disease | NMR | HeLa cells | Streptolysin O toxin | [82] |
α-Synuclein | Parkinson’s disease | NMR, EPR | HeLa cells | Electroporation | [54] |
Thymosin-β4 | Human carcinomas | NMR | Human embryonic kidney (HEK293F) cells | Streptolysin O toxin | [83] |
Tau protein | Alzheimer’s dementia | NMR | Xenopus laevis oocytes | Microinjection | [53] |
Prothymosin-α | Diabetes | FRET | Xenopus laevis oocytes | Microinjection | [149] |
FlgM | Salmonella typhimurium | NMR | Escherichia coli | Overexpression | [129, 130] |
α-Synuclein | Parkinson’s disease | NMR | Escherichia coli | Overexpression | [108, 130] |
Various techniques, cell types and IDPs provided the experimental proof that also inside the cell the intrinsic protein disorder can be directly visualized. Different researchers have conducted these experiments often in the context of human diseases