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Direct and indirect mechanisms effect on ethanol (ETOH)-induced osteoclast activation and osteoclastogenesis via RANKL/RANK signaling cascades in osteopenia. Other inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, also have directly positive effect on osteoclasts. However, their downstream signaling cascades remain unsolved and need further research. RANK receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B, RANKL RANK ligand, SOST sclerostin
