Table 1.

Inflammasome and non-inflammasome forming NLRs

Inflammasome and non-inflammasome forming NLRs	Structure	Function	Ligands
NLRP3		Interacts with ASC and caspase-1 Activation of NF-κB pathway and release of IL-1β and IL-18	MDP, LPS, Bacterial and viral RNA/DNA, silica, amyloid-β fibrils, extracellular ATP
NLRC4		Interacts with caspase-1 Interaction with ASC and NAIP unclear Elevates NF-κB signaling and IL-1β and IL-18 release	Bacterial flagellin, PrgJ, component of T3SS
NAIP		Formation of NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome complex	Recognizes Cprl T3SS needle protein, Protects during L. pneumophila infection, other ligands not known
NLRP6		Inflammasome complex formation with ASC and caspase-1 NF-κB activation and IL-1β and IL-18 release	Senses alteration in gut flora, Specific ligands unknown
NLRP1		Inflammasome complex formation with ASC and caspase-1	Senses muramyl dipeptide, Toxoplasma gondii and Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin
NLRP12		Inhibits IRAK1, TRAF3 and NIK Attenuating both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway	Protects during Yersinia pestis and S.typhimurium infection, Ligands unknown
NLRX1		Inhibits TRAF6 Attenuates canonical NF-κB signaling	Viral RNA
NLRC3		Inhibits TRAF6 Attenuates canonical NF-κB signaling	Affects LPS, intracellular DNA and c-di-GMP induced immune responses. Ligands not known
NOD1		Interacts with RIP2, recruits RICK and CARD9	Bacterial recognition by iE-DAP-containing peptidoglycan
NOD2		Recruits RIP2 and activates NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Negative regulation by CARD8	Intracellular sensor for muramyl dipeptide