Table 3.
Laboratory mouse lines with abnormalities in the preputial glands
| Gene symbol | Mutant name (if applicable) | Type | Characteristics/abnormalities | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Receptors | ||||||
| Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) | Nr3c1 | tsTg | Underdeveloped PG | [70] | ||
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) | Gnrhr | fKO | Reduced size of PG | [212] | ||
| KiSS-1 receptor (KiSS-1R)/G protein-coupled receptor 54 | Kiss1r | fKO | Lacked preputial separation, small PG | [213] | ||
| fKO | Reduced development of PG | [214] | ||||
| fKO | PG were frequently not identifiable | [215] | ||||
| GKirKO mouse | tsKO | Failure to exhibit PG separation | [216] | |||
| Transcription factors | ||||||
| Catenin beta-1/beta-catenin | Ctnnb1 | KI | Keratinized squamos metaplasia of PG | [217] | ||
| Ctnnb1 | KI | Hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of PG | [218] | |||
| CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha and beta (c/EBP alpha and c/EBP beta) | Cebpa/Cebpb | itsKO | Atrophy of PG lobules and decreased numbers of finely vacuolated sebocytes | [81] | ||
| Helix-loop-helix protein 2 (HEN-2) | Nhlh2 | fKO | Absent or reduced PG | [219] | ||
| Homeobox protein Hox-D13 | Hoxd13 | Synpolydactyly homolog (spdh) | Spont | Lack of PG | [24] | |
| Digit in Y and carpe (“Dyc”) | Spont | Absent PG | [220] | |||
| PR domain zinc finger protein 1/B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1) | Prdm1 | tsKO | Enlarged PG | [91] | ||
| Transcription factor GATA-5/GATA-binding factor 5 | Gata5 | fKO | Hypoplastic clitoral glands | [221] | ||
| Enzymes | ||||||
| Cathepsin L1 | Ctsl | Nackt | Spont | Furunculosis and abscesses of PG (mouse maintained non-SPF) | [112] | |
| Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) | ODC1 | tsTg | Abnormal PG, increased amount of glandular tissue, thicker ducts, metaplastic change | [222] | ||
| Others | ||||||
| Adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC1638T) | Apc | KI | Absence of PG | [23] | ||
| Autophagy protein 5 | Atg5 | tsKO | Aberrant differentiation of PG | [223] | ||
| DNA cross-link repair 1A protein/SNM1 homolog A | Dclre1a | fKO | Frequent infection of PG | [224] | ||
| DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 3 | Rad51c | tsKO | Increased keratinization of preputial sebocytes | [225] | ||
| DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 3 + cellular tumor antigen p53 | Rad51c + Trp53 | tsKO | Increased incidence of PG tumors | [225] | ||
| Gasdermin-A3 | Gsdma3 | Defolliculated (Dfl) | Spont | Decreased PG lipid production | [158] | |
| GTPase KRas and catenin beta-1 | Kras and Ctnnb1 | KI | Keratinized squamos metaplasia of PG | [217] | ||
| Metastasis-suppressor KiSS-1 | Kiss1 | fKO | Lacked preputial separation, small PG | [213] | ||
| fKO | Poor PG development | [226] | ||||
| SV40 large T antigen (SV40T) | SV40 Tag | tsTg | Small PG | [186] | ||
| Protein mab-21-like 1 | Mab21l1 | fKO | Reduction in overall size of PG | [227] | ||
| TNF receptor-associated factor 6 | Traf6 | fKO | Impairment of PG | [188] | ||
| Uveal autoantigen with coiled-coil domains and ankyrin repeats/nuclear membrane-binding protein (nucling) | Uaca | fKO | PG swelling and pathological alterations including keratinization, inflammation and granulomatous lesions | [228] | ||
| fKO | High prevalence of PG abscess, frequent inflammatory lesions of PG in some males younger than 1 year | [229] | ||||
| Unknown | ||||||
| Diabetes | Spont | Small PG | [230] | |||
| Downless | Spont | Absent PG | [2] | |||
| Mesenchymal dysplasia (mes) | Spont | Small PG | [231] | |||
Spont spontaneous, Tg transgen, i induced, ts tissue specific, fKO full knockout, KI knockin, SG sebaceous gland, PG preputial gland, MG Meibomian gland, HG Harderian Gland