Table 1.
The chemical structure of the AHR ligands in relation to Th17 cell development (↑ enhance; ↓ inhibit)
| Receptor ligand | Chemical name | Action | Effect on Th17 development | 2D structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCDD [108] | 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin | Exogen agonist | ↓ |
|
| CH-223191 [116] | 1-methyl-N-{2-methyl-4-[2-(2-methylphenyl)diazen-1-yl]phenyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide | Synthetic antagonist | ↓ |
|
| B[a]P [109] | Benzo[alpha]pyrene | Exogen agonist | ↑ |
|
| 3-MC [109] | 3-Methylcholanthrene | Exogen agonist | ↑ |
|
| Leflunomide [118] | 5-methyl-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-isoxazole-4-carboxamide | Exogen agonist | ↓ |
|
| ITE [120] | 1′H-indole-3′-carbonyl-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester | Endogen agonist | ↓ |
|
| FICZ [126] | 6-Formylindolo(3,2-b)carbazole | Endogen agonist | ↑ |
|
| L-Kynurenine (KYN) [167] | (S)-2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)- 4-oxo-butanoic acid | Endogen agonist | ↓ |
|
| Kynurenic acid (KYNA) [167] | (4-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid) | Endogen agonist | ↑ |
|
| Indoxyl 3-sulfate (I3S) [133] | 1H-Indol-3-yl hydrogen sulfate | Endogen agonist | ↑ |
|
| Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) [168] | 1H-Indol-3-ylmethanol | Natural agonist | ↓ |
|
| 3,3’-Diindolylmethane (DIM) [168] | 3,3′-methanediylbis (1H-indole) | Natural agonist | ↓ |
|
| Curcumin [169] | (1E,6E)-1,7-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione | Natural agonist/ antagonist | ↓ (presumably indirectly) |
|
| trans Resveratrol (RES) [148] | 3,5,4’-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene | Natural agonist/ antagonist |
↓ (high concentration) ↑ (low concentration) |
|
| Polydatin (POLY) [148] | resveratrol-3-O-β-mono-d-glucoside | Modified natural antagonist | ↑ (high concentration) |
|
| Baicalin [158] | (2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(5,6-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-chromen-7-yl)oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxy-tetrahydropyran-2-carboxylic acid | Natural agonist | ↓ |
|
| alpha-naphthoflavone (α-NF) [170] | 2-phenylbenzo[h]chromen-4-one | Exogen antagonist | ↓ |
|