Fig. 1.

Characterization of control and osteoarthritic-derived (OA) chondrocyte and synoviocyte cell cultures through gene expression patterns determined by qPCR. a Expression of OA (OC, COMP and MMP13) and differentiation (Cola2a1, Cola10a1, CD68 and vimentin) gene markers in control (NHAC and HFLS) and OA-derived (OA-HAC and OA-HFLS) chondrocytes and synoviocytes. b Expression of VKDP-related genes (GRP, MGP, GGCX and VKOR) in control and OA-derived chondrocytes and synoviocytes. Values are relative to a reference sample (control cell culture) set to 1. All experiments were repeated at least three times. Multiple t tests were performed. Statistical significance was defined as P ≤ 0.05 (*), P ≤ 0.005 (**) and P ≤ 0.0005 (***)