Table 2.
Genes in IPCs of Drosophila melanogaster with roles in DILP production, transport or release
| Gene | Proposed function | Role in IPCs | Stage | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apsa (Nudt3-like) | Regulation of signaling nucleotides | dilp3 increase | Adult | [193] |
| IDEb | Insulin-degrading enzyme | Not determined affects IISb | Adult | [146] |
| JNKc (basket) | MAP kinase, stress tolerance | dilp2 repression | Adult | [194] |
| Lmdd (Glis3-like) | Transcription factor | dilp2 increase | Adult | [84] |
| Mioe | Carbohydrate response element binding protein | dilp3 repression | Adult | [195] |
| miR-9a | MicroRNA | dilp2, dilp3, dilp5 repression | Larvaf/adult | [116] |
| miR-14 | MicroRNA | dilp3, dilp5 increase | Adult | [115] |
| Ogtg | O-GlcNAc transferase | dilp2, dilp3, dilp5 increase | Larva | [196] |
| Ogag | O-GlcNAcase | dilp2, dilp3, dilp5 repression | Larva | [196] |
| Pax6 (eyeless) | Transcription factor | dilp5 increase | Larva | [197] |
| Rab1h | Small GTPase | DILP transport | Larva | [198] |
| Taillessi | Transcriptional repressor | Affects peptide release | Adult | [199] |
| Atrophini | Tailless co-repressor | Affects peptide release | Adult | [199] |
| Unc-104j | Kinesin 3 family gene | DILP transport | Larva | [198] |
aAps (CG6391) encodes a Drosophila ortholog of a nudix hydrolase family protein, nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 3 (NUDT3). Aps knockdown also lowers Akh and dilp6 mRNA
bIDE (CG5517), a metalloprotease, known to degrade insulin. IDE knockdown in IPCs reduces hemolymph carbohydrate and increases fecundity as well as body weight and decreases lifespan, all suggesting upregulated DILP signaling
c JNK Jun-N-terminal Kinase (stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAP kinase). Basket (CG5680) is a Drosophila JNK
d Lmd lame duck (CG4677) is an ortholog of Glis3, a mammalian transcription factor required for insulin expression in pancreatic beta cells
eMio (missing oocyte; CG7074) functions as a transcription factor and regulates dilp3 and feeding
fIn larvae, only dilp2 and dilp3 decrease
gOgt (supersex combs; CG10392) and Oga (CG5871) serve in the final step of a nutrient-driven hexosamine-signaling pathway and play a role in insulin signaling in mammals
hRab1 regulates membrane trafficking, e.g., in ER-Golgi transition and affects DILP transport in IPCs
iTailless (CG1378) and athrophin (grunge; CG6964) form a transcriptional control module that regulates DILP release from IPCs
jUnc-104 (C. elegans) ortholog (CG8566)