Table 1.
Genes associated with familial forms of PD
| Locus | Gene | Inheritance | Disorder | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PARK1, PARK4 | SNCA | Autosomal dominant; sporadic | Early onset PD | Involved in synaptic vesicle formation |
| PARK2 | Parkin | Autosomal recessive; sporadic | Juvenile and early onset PD | E3 ligase |
| PARK6 | PINK1 | Autosomal recessive | Early onset PD | Mitochondrial kinase |
| PARK7 | DJ-1 | Autosomal recessive | Early onset PD | Involved in oxidative stress response |
| PARK8 | LRRK2 | Autosomal dominant; sporadic | Late onset PD | Protein kinase |
| PARK9 | ATP13A2 | Autosomal recessive | Kufor–Rakeb syndrome | P-type transport ATPase |
| Putative locus/gene | ||||
| PARK 3 | Unknown | Autosomal dominant | Late onset PD | Unknown |
| PARK5 | UCHL1 | Autosomal dominant | Late onset PD | Ubiquitin-protein hydrolase |
| PARK10 | Unknown | Unclear | Late onset PD | Unknown |
| PARK11 | GIGYF2 | Autosomal dominant | Late onset PD | Involved in cellular insulin and insulin-like growth factor response |
| PARK12 | Unknown | Risk factor | Late onset PD | Unknown |
| PARK13 | Omi/HTRA2 | Autosomal dominant or risk factor | Late onset PD | Mitochondrial-targeted serine protease |
| PARK14 | PLA2G6 | Autosomal recessive | Early onset dystonia-parkinsonism | A2 phospholipase |
| PARK15 | FBXO7 | Autosomal recessive | Early onset parkinsonian | E3 ubiquitin protein ligase complex |
| PARK16 | Unknown | Risk factor | Late onset PD | Unknown |
| PARK17 | VPS35 | Autosomal dominant | Late onset PD | Component of the retrograde cargo-selective complex |
| PARK18 | EIF4G1 | Autosomal dominant | Late onset PD | Component of eIF4F complex at the ribosome |
| GBA | Risk factor | Early onset PD | Lysosomal enzyme | |
| DAT | Risk factor | Early onset PD | Dopamine uptake | |
Modified from [1, 2]. SNCA α-synuclein, PINK1 PTEN induced putative kinase 1, DJ-1 protein deglycase DJ-1, LRRK2 leucine rich repeat kinase 2, ATP13A2 ATPase type 13A2, UCHL1 ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1, GIGYF2 GBR10 interacting GYF protein 2, Omi/HTRA2 serine protease HTRA2, mitochondrial, PLA2G6 phospholipase A2, group VI, FBXO7 F-Box protein 7, VPS35 vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35, EIF4G1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma1, GBA beta-glucocerebrosidase, DAT dopamine transporter