Table 3.
Factors associated with viral blip in AHOD using repeated measured logistic regression
| Univariable model | Multivariable model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
| Age at ART initiation | 0.12 | 0.049 | |||
| <=30 | Ref | Ref | |||
| 31–40 | 0.85 (0.71, 1.03) | 0.88 (0.73, 1.06) | |||
| 41–50 | 0.89 (0.74, 1.08) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.13) | |||
| >50 | 0.77 (0.62, 0.96) | 0.75 (0.6, 0.93) | |||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | |||
| Female | 1.02 (0.83, 1.26) | 0.85 | 0.82 (0.64, 1.06) | 0.14 | |
| Country of birth | 0.07 | 0.08 | |||
| Australia & New Zealand | Ref | Ref | |||
| Overseas | 1 (0.86, 1.15) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.06) | |||
| Unknown | 0.78 (0.63, 0.97) | 0.7 (0.56, 0.88) | |||
| HIV mode of acquisition | 0.018 | 0.07 | |||
| MSM | Ref | Ref | |||
| Injecting drug use | 1.41 (1.07, 1.86) | 1.31 (0.98, 1.75) | |||
| Heterosexual | 1.2 (1.03, 1.41) | 1.24 (1.02, 1.51) | |||
| Other/Unknown | 1.12 (0.8, 1.56) | 1.1 (0.78, 1.54) | |||
| CD4 at ART initiation, cells/mm 3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| <=200 | Ref | Ref | |||
| 201–350 | 0.68 (0.56, 0.82) | 0.68 (0.56, 0.82) | |||
| 351–500 | 0.59 (0.48, 0.74) | 0.57 (0.46, 0.7) | |||
| 500+ | 0.59 (0.47, 0.73) | 0.52 (0.41, 0.65) | |||
| Missing | 0.78 (0.65, 0.93) | 0.82 (0.66, 1.03) | |||
| HIV RNA at ART initiation, copies/mL | 0.03 | 0.37 | |||
| <=100,000 | Ref | Ref | |||
| >100,000 | 1.24 (1.05, 1.45) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) | |||
| Missing | 1.03 (0.89, 1.2) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) | |||
| Documented treatment interruption duration * | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| No interruption | Ref | Ref | |||
| 1-<14 days | 0.93 (0.75, 1.15) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.22) | |||
| 14 days – 3 months | 1.06 (0.8, 1.42) | 1.13 (0.85, 1.51) | |||
| 3 months – 6 months | 1.45 (1.02, 2.07) | 1.53 (1.07, 2.18) | |||
| > 6 months | 1.36 (1.17, 1.59) | 1.62 (1.35, 1.93) | |||
| HBV surface antigen positivity | 0.77 | 0.94 | |||
| Negative | Ref | Ref | |||
| Positive | 1.08 (0.76, 1.54) | 1.01 (0.71, 1.44) | |||
| Unknown | 0.95 (0.79, 1.14) | 0.96 (0.77, 1.2) | |||
| HCV antibody positivity | 0.38 | 0.98 | |||
| Negative | Ref | Ref | |||
| Positive | 1.11 (0.88, 1.38) | 1.02 (0.8, 1.3) | |||
| Unknown | 1.03 (0.81, 1.3) | 1.02 (0.78, 1.35) | |||
| Number of VL measurement (per 5-unit increase) | 1.03 (1, 1.07) | 0.05 | 1.1 (1.06, 1.15) | <0.001 | |
| ART type commenced | 0.30 | 0.57 | |||
| NRTI+NNRTI | Ref | Ref | |||
| NRTI+PI | 1.09 (0.94, 1.26) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.23) | |||
| NRTI+INSTI | 1.12 (0.92, 1.38) | 1.02 (0.79, 1.32) | |||
| Other | 0.88 (0.68, 1.15) | 0.87 (0.67, 1.14) | |||
| Year of ART initiation | 0.011 | <0.001 | |||
| <2005 | Ref | Ref | |||
| 2006–2010 | 0.87 (0.75, 1.02) | 0.68 (0.52, 0.88) | |||
| 2011–2015 | 1.03 (0.87, 1.21) | 0.84 (0.6, 1.16) | |||
| 2016–2022 | 1.45 (1.07, 1.98) | 1.2 (0.73, 1.96) | |||
| Duration of ART (per 5-year increase) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.02) | 0.28 | 0.78 (0.69, 0.88) | <0.001 | |
| Participant care setting | 0.36 | 0.015 | |||
| Sexual health services | Ref | Ref | |||
| GP | 1.02 (0.88, 1.18) | 1.09 (0.94, 1.27) | |||
| Hospital | 0.89 (0.75, 1.07) | 0.82 (0.68, 0.98) | |||
*
Time-updated variables
Global p-values are tested for heterogeneity excluding missing values.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; MSM, male to male sex; VL, viral load, NRTI, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor; OR, odds ratio.