Table 4.
Factors associated with low-level viremia in AHOD using repeated measured logistic regression
| Univariable model | Multivariable model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | P-value | Adjusted OR | P-value | |
| Age at ART initiation | 0.06 | 0.21 | ||
| <=30 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 31–40 | 0.65 (0.38, 1.12) | 0.66 (0.38, 1.15) | ||
| 41–50 | 1.16 (0.68, 1.99) | 1.07 (0.61, 1.87) | ||
| >50 | 1.15 (0.64, 2.07) | 0.98 (0.53, 1.8) | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | ||
| Female | 0.9 (0.5, 1.61) | 0.72 | 0.79 (0.38, 1.63) | 0.52 |
| Country of birth | 0.87 | 0.22 | ||
| Australia | Ref | Ref | ||
| Overseas | 0.89 (0.59, 1.35) | 0.75 (0.48, 1.18) | ||
| Unknown | 0.95 (0.54, 1.69) | 0.62 (0.33, 1.16) | ||
| HIV mode of acquisition | 0.49 | 0.39 | ||
| MSM | Ref | Ref | ||
| Injecting drug use | 0.98 (0.43, 2.22) | 0.9 (0.36, 2.24) | ||
| Heterosexual | 1.29 (0.83, 2) | 1.32 (0.76, 2.3) | ||
| Other/Unknown | 0.6 (0.21, 1.74) | 0.5 (0.16, 1.54) | ||
| CD4 at ART initiation, cells/mm 3 | 0.008 | 0.006 | ||
| <=200 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 201–350 | 0.54 (0.32, 0.92) | 0.54 (0.31, 0.93) | ||
| 351–500 | 0.39 (0.21, 0.72) | 0.37 (0.19, 0.71) | ||
| 500+ | 0.48 (0.26, 0.87) | 0.41 (0.22, 0.79) | ||
| Missing | 0.85 (0.51, 1.39) | 0.9 (0.48, 1.68) | ||
| HIV RNA at ART initiation, copies/mL | 0.07 | 0.44 | ||
| <=100,000 | Ref | Ref | ||
| >100,000 | 1.65 (1.05, 2.59) | 1.35 (0.85, 2.14) | ||
| Missing | 1.41 (0.93, 2.15) | 1.14 (0.66, 1.97) | ||
| Document treatment interruption duration * | 0.76 | 0.28 | ||
| No interruption | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1-<14 days | 1.02 (0.56, 1.84) | 1.1 (0.58, 2.06) | ||
| 14 days – 3 months | 1.51 (0.71, 3.25) | 1.59 (0.72, 3.5) | ||
| 3 months – 6 months | 1.09 (0.37, 3.28) | 1.23 (0.4, 3.74) | ||
| > 6 months | 1.26 (0.81, 1.96) | 1.76 (1.04, 2.98) | ||
| HBV surface antigen positivity | 0.62 | 0.64 | ||
| Negative | Ref | Ref | ||
| Positive | 1.54 (0.6, 3.95) | 1.54 (0.6, 3.96) | ||
| Unknown | 0.93 (0.55, 1.55) | 0.93 (0.49, 1.74) | ||
| HCV antibody positivity | 0.96 | 0.77 | ||
| Negative | Ref | Ref | ||
| Positive | 1.09 (0.58, 2.06) | 1.29 (0.65, 2.58) | ||
| Unknown | 1 (0.53, 1.9) | 1.04 (0.48, 2.28) | ||
| Number of VL measurement (per 5-unit increase) | 1.18 (1.08, 1.29) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.23, 1.56) | <0.001 |
| ART type commenced | 0.87 | 0.64 | ||
| NRTI+NNRTI | Ref | Ref | ||
| NRTI+PI | 0.99 (0.65, 1.51) | 1.03 (0.66, 1.61) | ||
| NRTI+INSTI | 1.2 (0.7, 2.05) | 1.33 (0.67, 2.64) | ||
| Other | 0.87 (0.41, 1.8) | 0.7 (0.32, 1.51) | ||
| Year of ART initiation | 0.84 | 0.06 | ||
| <2005 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 2006–2010 | 1.08 (0.7, 1.67) | 0.37 (0.18, 0.78) | ||
| 2011–2015 | 1.12 (0.71, 1.77) | 0.46 (0.18, 1.15) | ||
| 2016–2022 | 1.44 (0.63, 3.28) | 0.49 (0.13, 1.9) | ||
| Duration of ART (per 5-year increase) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.06) | 0.27 | 0.51 (0.37, 0.72) | <0.001 |
| Participant care setting | 0.08 | 0.013 | ||
| Sexual health services | Ref | Ref | ||
| GP | 1.32 (0.89, 1.96) | 1.32 (0.86, 2.03) | ||
| Hospital | 0.73 (0.43, 1.23) | 0.55 (0.31, 0.97) | ||
*
Time-updated variables
Global p-values are tested for heterogeneity excluding missing values.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; MSM, men who have sex with men; VL, viral load, NRTI, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor; OR, odds ratio.