Table 2.

Foods with substantial increased or decreased consumption during pregnancy as compared with the pre-pregnancy period for each ethnic group (only top five listed): pregnant women (n 1019) of Chinese, Malay and Indian ethnicity, Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study, recruited June 2009 to September 2010

Foods with increased consumption			Foods with decreased consumption
	% increased	% decreased		% increased	% decreased
Chinese (n 576)			Chinese (n 576)
Milk	63·7	9·7	Seafood	10·6	44·8
Fruit	60·8	5·7	Tea	3·7	41·3
Vegetables	49·1	5·4	Soft drinks	11·8	41·1
Fish	44·3	17·7	Coffee	3·0	33·3
Rice, noodles & bread	39·2	8·9	Confectionery*	25·7	30·6
Malay (n 259)			Malay (n 259)
Milk	58·7	12·7	Seafood	9·7	42·1
Fruit	52·9	12·7	Soft drinks	17·0	40·9
Rice, noodles & bread	47·1	12·4	Tea	17·0	33·6
Vegetables	45·6	12·4	Coffee	4·6	32·1
Fish	37·5	24·3	Eggs	12·0	28·6
Indian (n 184)			Indian (n 184)
Fruit	66·9	11·4	Soft drinks	9·8	36·4
Milk	66·3	10·9	Tea	8·2	36·4
Vegetables	64·7	3·8	Coffee	6·0	35·9
Rice, noodles & bread	42·4	10·3	Confectionery	20·1	35·3
Cheese & yoghurt	33·2	16·3	Meat	8·1	33·7

Pearson's χ ² test of goodness-of-fit was used to test if the percentages in the ‘increased’ and ‘decreased’ categories varied significantly from the expected proportion of 50 % in each category. P values were all <0·001 for food items shown in the table except for confectionery (P = 0·120 and 0·006 for Chinese and Indian, respectively), fish for Malay (P = 0·007) and cheese and yoghurt for Indian (P = 0·001). Other food items that were assessed but not listed in the table are chicken, organ meats, chocolate drinks and wine/alcohol; for percentages of other columns (‘same as before’ and ‘do not usually eat’), please refer to Supplementary Table 1.

*Confectionery includes chocolates, sweets, biscuits and cakes.