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. 2024 Apr 15;4(5):727–744. doi: 10.1038/s43587-024-00613-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Visual overview of experimental design and main directions of investigations. Illustration was created with BioRender.com. b, Timescale displaying human muscle sampling across ages for scRNA-seq/snRNA-seq (eight young versus nine aged) and for myofiber subtyping (seven young versus four aged). c, Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) visualization of annotated cells in the Muscle Aging Cell Atlas. Cell type annotation and abbreviations for all populations are shown in Supplementary Table 10. d, log₂-transformed fold change (FC) in the abundance of cell clusters across age (first column) and enrichment in cells compared to nuclei fraction (second and third columns), taking into account 10x chemistry (see full version in Extended Data Fig. 1d). Some populations (hybrid, specialized myonuclei, MF-Isn fragments, MF-IIsn fragments, neutrophils, mesothelium, red blood cells (RBC), eosinophils and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC)) were removed from the plot because they represented a mixture of different cell types, contained a very small number of cells or predominantly originated from particular donors. The LTSR denotes statistical significance and ranges from 0 to 1, where 1 indicates a confident estimate. See Methods for more details. ArtEC, arterial endothelial cells; CapEC, capillary endothelial cells; cDC1 and cDC2, conventional type 1 and 2 dendritic cells; mSchwann and nmSchwann, myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells.

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