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. 2024 May 21;14:11536. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-61499-0

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© The Author(s) 2024, corrected publication 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Formalin test to assess pain reaction in the right paw of mice upon D-gal-induced aging. In phase I (0–10min), the number of mice licking the paw increased in the D-Gal aging group compared to the control. In phase II (10–30min), the number of paw licking in the GT group significantly increased compared with the control. The number of paw-licking events in the aging group significantly decreased, which could be reversed by GT. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared to the control of phase I using Student’s t-test and ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01 compared to the control of phase II by Student’s t-test. N = 6 except control (N = 5).