Table 1.

Alteration of gut microbiota in DN.

Studies	Subjects	The variety of Gut microbiota	Research method
Song et al. (2021)	DN patients	Increased: At the genus level: Eisenbergiella, Ralstonia, Intestinimonas, Eubacterium_fissicatena_group Decreased: At the phylum levels: Firmicutes	High-throughput sequencing
Chen et al. (2021)	DN patients	Increased: At the genus level: Alistipes, Bacteroides, Subdoligranulum, Lachnoclostridium, Parabacteroides Decreased: Klebsiella	High-throughput sequencing
Salguero et al. (2019)	DN patients	Increased: At the phylum levels: Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobi, Fusobacteria Decreased: At the phylum levels: Firmicutes	16sRNA
Tao et al. (2019)	DN patients	Increased: At the phylum levels: Proteobacteria At the genus level: Coriobacteriaceae, Escherichia-Shigella Decreased: At the genus level: Prevotella_9	16sRNA
Du et al. (2021)	DN patients	Increased: At the phylum levels: Actinobacteria At the class levels: Actinobacteria, Bacilli, Coriobacteriia, Negativicutes At the order levels: Betaproteobacteriales, Bifidobacteriales, Coriobacteriales, Lactobacillales, Selenomonadales At the family level:Atopobiaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Tannerellaceae, Veillonellaceae At the genus level: Acidaminococcus,Lactobacillus, Megasphaera, Mitsuokella, Olsenella, Prevotella_7, Sutterella Decreased: At the class levels: Alphaproteobacteria, Clostridia At the order levels: Chitinophagales, Clostridiales, Rhizobiales, Xanthomonadales At the family level:Chitinophagaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Rhodanobacteraceae At the genus level: Lachnoclostridium, Roseburia, Tyzzerella_3	16S rDNA
Zhang L. et al. (2022)	DN patients	Increased: At the genus level: Bacteroides, Bacteroides stercoris, Prevotella sp. MSX73, Barnesiella, Alistipes ihumii, Bacteroides stercoris CAG_120, Tannerella sp. CAG_51, Parabacteroides sp. 20_3 At the species level:Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides_eggerthii Decreased: At the genus level: Prevotella, Lachnospira, oseburia intestinalis, Bacteroides plebeius CAG_211, Clostridium sp. CAG_768, Fusobacterium varium, Clostridium sp. 26_22, Eubacterium sp. AF22_9, Roseburia sp. AM23_20 At the species level:Bacteroides fragilis	Metagenomic sequencing
Lu et al. (2023)	DN patients	Increased: At the genus level:Christensenella, Clostridium-XIVa, Eisenbergiella, Flavonifractor, Clostridium-XVIII Decreased: At the genus level:butyric-producing bacteria, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Trichospira, Rosacella	16S rDNA
Kim et al. (2023)	DN patients	Increased: At the species level:Alistipes onderdonkii, Alistipes shahii, Alistipes communis, Ruminococcus sp. strain JE7A12, Bacteroides intestinalis, and Odoribacter splanchnicus	Metagenomic sequencing
Cai et al. (2022)	DN patients	Increased: At the phylum levels: Proteobacteria At the class levels: δ-proteobacteria, γ-probacteria, At the order levels: Pseudomonadales, Desulfovibrionales At the family levels: Moraxellaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae At the genus levels: Acinetobacter, Desulfovibrio, Erysipelatoclostridium, Hungatella, Decreased: At the phylum levels: Firmicutes At the class levels: Clostridia At the order levels: Clostridiales At the family levels: Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae At the genus levels: Ruminococcaceae_UCG_013, Lachnospira, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_003, Butyricicoccus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Eubacterium	16S rDNA
Zhang B. et al. (2022)	DN rats	Increased: At the phylum levels: Actinobacteriota At the class levels: Bacilli, Bacteroidia At the order levels: Lactobacillales, Erysipelotrichales At the family levels: Lactobacillaceae At the genus levels: NK4A214_group Decreased: At the phylum levels: Firmicutes At the class levels: Clostridia At the order levels: Clostridiales, Clostridia UCG-014 At the genus levels: Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Romboutsia	16S rRNA
Wu et al. (2022)	DN rats	Increased: At the genus levels: Negativibacillus, Rikenella Decreased: At the genus levels: Akkermansia, Candidatus, Erysipelatoclostridium, Ileibacterium	16s rDNA