Table 2.
Alteration of metabolic Changes in DN.
| Studies | Subjects | The variety of Gut microbiota | Research method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zhong et al. (2022) | DN patients | Decreased: valerate, caproate | GC–MS |
| Balint et al. (2023) | DN patients |
Increased: indoxyl sulfate, Butenoylcarnitine, Sorbitol, Dimethyl Arginine Decreased: arginine, hippuric acid |
UHPLC-QTOF-ESI-MS Analysis |
| Chen et al. (2023) | DN patients |
Increased: Stearic acid, Glutaric acid, 2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, L-Proline Decreased: 1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid, Homocarnosine, Epinephrine, N-Acetylputrescine, Linoleic acid, Ephedrine |
UPLC-MS/MS |
| Peng et al. (2022) | DN patients |
Increased: L-homocys, 3-sulfinylpyruvate, 2,3-Diketo-5-methythiopentyl-1-phosphate, dehydroalanine, L-cysteine, s-adenosyl-L-methionine, s-methyl-5-thio-D-ribose 1-phosphate, sn-Met-Cys-Ser, Asn-Cys-Pro-Pro Decreased: Mercaptopyruvate, |
untargeted LC/MS |
| Kim et al. (2023) | DN patients |
Increased: valine, isoleucine, methionine, valerate, phenylacetate Decreased: acetate |
NMR spectroscopy |
| Shi et al. (2023) | DN patients | Increased: urinary metabolites propionic acid, oxoadipic acid, leucine, isovaleric acid, isobutyric acid, and indole-3-carboxylic acid | UPLC-MS/MS |
| Zhang B. et al. (2022) | DN rats |
Increased: isomaltose, D-mannose, galactonic acid, citramalic acid, prostaglandin B2 Decreased: 3-(2-Hydroxyethyl) indole, 3-methylindole, indoleacrylic acid |
UHPLC-QE-MS |
| Trifonova et al. (2022) | DN patients |
Increased: L-arginine, L-proline, L-cysteine, citrulline, 4-guanidinobutanamide, N2-succinyl-L-ornithine, creatinine, citrulline, phosphoglycolic, 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-4-phosphobutanoic acids Decreased: creatine, thiosulfate, thiocysteine, 3-sulfinylpyruvic acid |
MS/MS |
| Zhu et al. (2022) | DN patients | Increased: N-acetylaspartic acid, L-valine, isoleucine, asparagine, betaine, L-methionine | LC–MS |
| Winther et al. (2020) | DN patients |
Increased: indoxyl sulphate, L-citrulline. Homocitrulline, L-kynurenine Decreased: tryptophan |
HPLC MS/MS |
| Wu et al. (2022) | DN rats |
Increased: D-arabinose 5-phosphate, estrone 3-sulfate, L-theanine, 3′-aenylic acid, adenosine 5′-monophosphat Decreased: aurohyocholic acid sodium salt, calcium phosphorylcholine chloride, tauro-alpha-muricholic, sodium salt, galactinol, phosphocholine |
LC-MS |