TABLE 5.
Bivariate analysis between explanatory variables and migration intention among health workers in Nigeria.
| Variables | Migration intention | Crude | p‐value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | Odds ratio | 95% CI | ||
| Age | 44.2 (12.6) a | 36.5 (8.6) a | 0.929 | 0.908–0.950 | <0.001 |
| Duration of practice | 18.5 (12.0) a | 10.4 (7.9) a | 0.919 | 0.898–0.941 | <0.001 |
| Work hours per day | 8.9 (2.1) a | 9.4 (3.1) a | 1.081 | 0.986–1.185 | 0.096 |
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 44 (19.2) | 185 (80.8) | 1 | ||
| Male | 58 (20.4) | 226 (79.6) | 1.079 | 0.697–1.671 | 0.733 |
| Highest level of education | |||||
| Bachelor | 48 (16.6) | 241 (83.4) | 1 | ||
| Diploma | 3 (10.7) | 25 (89.3) | 1.660 | 0.482–5.718 | 0.422 |
| Masters | 26 (26.3) | 73 (73.7) | 0.559 | 0.324–0.964 | 0.036 |
| Residency | 10 (17.5) | 47 (82.5) | 0.936 | 0.442–1.981 | 0.863 |
| Fellowship/PhD | 15 (39.5) | 23 (60.5) | 0.305 | 0.149–0.628 | 0.001 |
| First degree location | |||||
| Federal University in Nigeria | 80 (21.3) | 295 (78.7) | 1 | ||
| State University in Nigeria | 10 (15.4) | 55 (84.6) | 1.492 | 0.728–3.057 | 0.275 |
| Private Nigerian University | 5 (20.8) | 19 (79.2) | 1.031 | 0.373–2.845 | 0.954 |
| University in other part of Africa | 3 (21.4) | 11 (78.6) | 0.994 | 0.271–3.650 | 0.993 |
| University outside Africa | 2 (10.0) | 18 (90.0) | 2.441 | 0.555–10.739 | 0.238 |
| Profession | |||||
| Medical doctor/Dentist | 31 (19.5) | 128 (80.5) | 1 | ||
| Nurse | 30 (19.7) | 122 (80.3) | 0.985 | 0.563–1.724 | 0.958 |
| Physiotherapist/Occupational therapist | 18 (18.2) | 81 (81.8) | 1.090 | 0.572–2.075 | 0.793 |
| Pharmacist | 15 (30.6) | 34 (69.4) | 0.549 | 0.266–1.131 | 0.104 |
| Medical lab scientist | 4 (16.7) | 20 (83.3) | 1.211 | 0.386–3.798 | 0.743 |
| Others | 4 (13.3) | 26 (86.7) | 1.574 | 0.512–4.841 | 0.429 |
| Marital Status | |||||
| Single/Never married | 21 (14.2) | 127 (85.8) | 1 | ||
| Married/Cohabiting | 73 (21.3) | 270 (78.7) | 0.612 | 0.360–1.038 | 0.069 |
| Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 8 (36.4) | 14 (63.6) | 0.289 | 0.108–0.774 | 0.013 |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Yoruba | 57 (24.1) | 180 (75.9) | 1 | ||
| Igbo | 12 (16.0) | 63 (84.0) | 1.662 | 0.838–3.299 | 0.146 |
| Hausa | 16 (19.5) | 66 (80.5) | 1.306 | 0.701–2.433 | 0.400 |
| Others | 16 (13.7) | 101 (86.3) | 1.999 | 1.091–3.663 | 0.025 |
| Religion | |||||
| Islam | 29 (19.1) | 123 (80.9) | 1 | ||
| Christianity | 71 (19.9) | 286 (80.1) | 0.950 | 0.587–1.536 | 0.833 |
| Region born in | |||||
| North Central | 11 (18.0) | 50 (82.0) | 1 | ||
| North East | 8 (16.3) | 41 (83.7) | 1.127 | 0.415–3.065 | 0.814 |
| North West | 15 (18.3) | 67 (81.7) | 0.983 | 0.416–2.322 | 0.968 |
| South East | 7 (17.5) | 33 (82.5) | 1.037 | 0.365–2.948 | 0.945 |
| South South | 7 (18.9) | 30 (81.1) | 0.943 | 0.330–2.695 | 0.913 |
| South West | 53 (22.0) | 188 (78.0) | 0.780 | 0.380–1.604 | 0.500 |
| Employment status | |||||
| Unemployed | 97 (20.6) | 37 (79.4) | 1 | ||
| Employed | 5 (12.2) | 36 (87.8) | 0.537 | 0.205–1.405 | 0.205 |
| Region of current practice | |||||
| North Central | 14 (23.0) | 47 (77.0) | 1 | ||
| North East | 6 (14.0) | 37 (86.0) | 1.837 | 0.644–5243 | 0.256 |
| North West | 13 (19.4) | 54 (80.6) | 1.237 | 0.529–2.895 | 0.623 |
| South East | 2 (16.7) | 10 (83.3) | 1.489 | 0.291–7.611 | 0.632 |
| South South | 7 (25.0) | 21 (75.0) | 0.894 | 0.315–2.536 | 0.833 |
| South West | 56 (20.9) | 212 (79.1) | 1.128 | 0.580–2.194 | 0.723 |
| Region of current practice b | |||||
| North | 33 (19.3) | 138 (80.7) | 1 | ||
| South | 65 (21.1) | 243 (78.9) | 0.894 | 0.560–1.428 | 0.639 |
| Work setting | |||||
| Tertiary | 44 (17.4) | 209 (82.6) | 1 | ||
| Secondary | 14 (19.4) | 58 (80.6) | 0.872 | 0.447–1.701 | 0.688 |
| Primary | 4 (18.2) | 18 (81.8) | 0.947 | 0.306–2.936 | 0.925 |
| Private facility | 14 (21.9) | 50 (78.1) | 0.752 | 0.382–1.478 | 0.408 |
| Non‐governmental organization/Others | 20 (27.8) | 52 (72.2) | 0.547 | 0.298–1.007 | 0.053 |
| Burnout | |||||
| Yes | 28 (12.0) | 205 (88.0) | 1 | ||
| No | 74 (26.4) | 206 (73.6) | 0.380 | 0.236–0.612 | <0.001 |
| Job satisfaction | |||||
| Satisfied | 78 (25.2) | 231 (74.8) | 1 | ||
| Not satisfied | 24 (11.8) | 180 (88.2) | 2.532 | 1.540–4.164 | <0.001 |
| Intramigration experience | |||||
| No | 71 (22.7) | 242 (77.3) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 26 (15.9) | 138 (84.1) | 1.557 | 0.949–2.556 | 0.080 |
| Job downgrading | |||||
| Yes | 254 (100.0) | 254 (100.0) | – | – | – |
| No | 135 (100.0) | 135 (100.0) | – | – | – |
| Election influence | |||||
| No | 258 (100.0) | 258 (100.0) | – | – | – |
| Yes, not satisfied | 102 (100.0) | 102 (100.0) | – | – | – |
| Yes, satisfied | 27 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | – | – | – |
| Willingness to stay back with improve working and societal conditions | |||||
| Yes | 113 (100.0) | 113 (100.0) | – | – | – |
| No | 260 (100.0) | 260 (100.0) | – | – | – |
Note: migration intention signifies intention for international destinations.
a
Mean (SD).
b
Region of practice dichotomized.