Table 2.
Hazard ratios (HR) of death by respiratory symptoms group from Cox Proportional Hazards analysis∗.
| Variable | HR (95 % CI, p value) | Total Cohort | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age group | Value n (%) | N | |
| 0 - 9 | Reference | ||
| 10 - 19 | 1.20 (0.30–4.79, p = 0.799) | 888 (0.5) | 171,828 |
| 20 - 29 | 1.99 (0.69–5.72, p = 0.201) | 3682 (2.1) | 171,828 |
| 30 - 39 | 1.61 (0.58–4.43, p = 0.358) | 9776 (5.7) | 171,828 |
| 40 - 49 | 3.21 (1.19–8.63, p = 0.021) | 17,032 (9.9) | 171,828 |
| 50 - 59 | 5.65 (2.11–15.10, p = 0.001) | 28,912 (16.8) | 171,828 |
| 60 - 69 | 10.13 (3.80–27.04, p < 0.001) | 33,530 (19.5) | 171,828 |
| 70 - 79 | 16.25 (6.09–43.36, p < 0.001) | 36,848 (21.4) | 171,828 |
| 80 - 89 | 22.50 (8.43–60.03, p < 0.001) | 30,494 (17.7) | 171,828 |
| 90 - 99 | 27.53 (10.30–73.57, p < 0.001) | 9558 (5.6) | 171,828 |
| >100 | 38.33 (13.52–108.65, p < 0.001) | 241 (0.1) | 171,828 |
| Sex | |||
| Female | Reference | ||
| Male | 1.30 (1.25–1.36, p < 0.001) | 102,878 (59.9) | 171,828 |
| Symptoms | |||
| Respiratory symptoms | Reference | ||
| Non-respiratory symptoms | 0.88 (0.83–0.93, p < 0.001) | 23,477 (13.7) | 171,828 |
| Comorbidities∗∗ | |||
| HIV/AIDS | 0.92 (0.60–1.39, p = 0.685) | 620 (0.4) | 151,214 |
| Asthma | 0.99 (0.93–1.05, p = 0.652) | 21,356 (13.3) | 160,638 |
| Cardiac disease | 1.20 (1.15–1.25, p < 0.001) | 42,462 (26.0) | 163,233 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.21 (1.15–1.27, p < 0.001) | 22,456 (14.0) | 160,837 |
| Chronic neurological disorder | 1.12 (1.05–1.19, p < 0.001) | 15,541 (9.7) | 160,485 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1.22 (1.16–1.28, p < 0.001) | 26,332 (16.2) | 162,872 |
| Dementia | 1.25 (1.17–1.33, p < 0.001) | 13,585 (8.6) | 157,938 |
| Diabetes | 1.17 (1.12–1.22, p < 0.001) | 47,095 (29.3) | 160,869 |
| Hypertension | 1.02 (0.98–1.07, p = 0.284) | 69,044 (47.9) | 144,286 |
| Immunosuppression | 1.24 (1.12–1.36, p < 0.001) | 3151 (4.1) | 77,667 |
| Liver disease | 1.33 (1.21–1.48, p < 0.001) | 4981 (3.0) | 165,130 |
| Malignant neoplasm | 1.30 (1.23–1.37, p < 0.001) | 14,289 (8.8) | 162,359 |
| Malnutrition | 1.19 (1.06–1.33, p = 0.003) | 2593 (1.7) | 151,547 |
| Obesity | 1.06 (1.00–1.12, p = 0.039) | 25,777 (17.8) | 144,740 |
| Rheumatologic disorder | 0.96 (0.91–1.02, p = 0.224) | 16,169 (10.3) | 157,739 |
| Smoking | 1.07 (1.02–1.11, p = 0.003) | 41,366 (45.4) | 91,130 |
| Transplantation | 1.34 (1.14–1.57, p < 0.001) | 1175 (1.5) | 80,847 |
∗
Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, country, all comorbidities and risk factors.
∗∗
The reference group for comorbidities is not having the particular comorbidity/risk factor.