Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Whole cohort (N = 100) |
HyperS (n = 33) |
NormS (n = 67) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 15.8 ± 2.7 | 15.6 ± 2.5 | 16.0 ± 2.7 | 0.365 |
| Girls | 39 (39.0) | 9 (27.3) | 30 (44.8) | 0.127 |
| Race and ethnicity | 0.345 | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 35 (35) | 13 (39.4) | 22 (32.8) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 32 (32) | 11 (33.3) | 21 (31.3) | |
| Hispanic | 30 (30) | 7 (21.2) | 23 (34.3) | |
| Other | 3 (3) | 2 (6.1) | 1 (1.5) | |
| Tanner stage | 0.515 | |||
| I | 5 (5.0) | 1 (3.0) | 4 (6.0) | |
| II–III | 24 (24.0) | 10 (30.3) | 14 (20.9) | |
| IV–V | 71 (71.0) | 22 (66.7) | 49 (73.1) | |
| Body weight, kg | 100.7 (83.7–118.1) | 91.0 (79.7–111.1) | 101.8 (85.6–123.0) | 0.106 |
| BMI z score, kg/m2 | 2.2 (2.0–2.6) | 2.2 (1.9–2.5) | 2.3 (2.0–2.7) | 0.136 |
| FM% | 42.5 ± 10.1 | 40.7 ± 8.2 | 41.9 ± 9.2 | 0.489 |
| LBM, kg | 55.2 ± 11.3 | 52.8 ± 11.3 | 56.4 ± 11.3 | 0.133 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 108.2 ± 18.2 | 106.0 ± 12.2 | 109.3 ± 20.6 | 0.342 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.93 ± 0.07 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | 0.409 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 147 (132–174) | 153 (123–174) | 147 (139–175) | 0.890 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 38 (30–45) | 41 (35–48) | 44 (35–52) | 0.467 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 87 (70–108) | 85 (65–111) | 88 (74–107) | 0.567 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 90 (52–129) | 98 (73–156) | 86 (52–135) | 0.096 |
| FFA, μmol/L | 485 (364–679) | 524 (369–713) | 467 (359–653) | 0.180 |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 37 (23–57) | 36 (30–68) | 37 (21–56) | 0.207 |
| Adiponectin, ng/mL | 6.0 (4.4–8.6) | 5.1 (4.2–8.2) | 6.2 (5.0–8.6) | 0.188 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.1 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 0.4 | 5.3 ± 0.6 | 0.017 |
| 2-h Glucose, mmol/L | 6.6 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 1.2 | 6.4 ± 1.7 | 0.046 |
| Mean glucose, mmol/L | 6.7 ± 1.3 | 7.0 ± 0.9 | 6.6 ± 1.4 | 0.026 |
| IFG/IGT | 13 (13.0) | 9 (27.3) | 8 (11.9) | 0.087 |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/L | 150 (108–224) | 141 (105–233) | 150 (111–225) | 0.857 |
| Mean insulin, pmol/L | 641 (457–962) | 903 (516–1,368) | 579 (426–808) | 0.004 |
| HOMA of insulin resistance | 6.0 (4.0–9.8) | 5.5 (3.8–9.7) | 6.1 (4.0–9.8) | 0.595 |
| WBISI | 1.9 (1.3–2.8) | 1.7 (1.0–2.4) | 1.9 (1.3–2.8) | 0.200 |
| M valuea, mg ⋅ kgLBM-1 ⋅ min−1 | 4.73 (3.67–9.40) | 4.34 (3.38–8.58) | 5.34 (3.75–10.12) | 0.131 |
| Liver insulin resistance index | 2.64 (2.41–2.81) | 2.69 (2.56–2.92) | 2.53 (2.38–2.76) | 0.005 |
| ALT, units/L | 16 (11–25) | 16 (12–33) | 16 (10–24) | 0.334 |
| AST, units/L | 20 (17–25) | 21 (15–25) | 19 (17–25) | 0.701 |
Data are mean ± SD for normally distributed variables, median (IQR) for nonnormally distributed variables, and n (%) for categorical variables. Differences between HyperS and NormS were tested using Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables or χ2 test for categorical variables. P ≤ 0.05 (indicated in boldface type) was considered statistically significant.
a
Available in 59 participants (HyperS, n = 19; NormS, n = 40).