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. 2024 May 22;23(Suppl 4):301. doi: 10.1186/s12911-024-02516-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig 6 — Inference example of finding a risk of the drugs. This inference (upper panel) indicates that a change in the calcium ion concentration in ER stress can cause inflammation. The ontological description shows ‘Negative regulation of SERCA gene expression,’ the subprocess of the ‘Changing calcium ion in ER stress’ has agents lopinavir and ritonavir (middle and lower left). The causal relationship shows that this sub-process can cause negative regulation of the insulin receptor pathway, which is common to the COVID-19 pathway (lower right panel). Furthermore, it led to insulin resistance in COVID-19 patients (middle right panel)