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Results from third-variable effect (mediation) analysis. Third-variable effect refers to the effect transmitted by a variable that intervene in the relationship between an exposure and a response variable. The direct effect of sex in the last row is the effect of sex when all mediating factors are accounted for. AED, automated external defibrillator; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EMS, Emergency medical services; OHCA, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
