Figure 2.

Relationship between the free energy change of a pore $(\Delta W)$ and pore radius $(r)$ with $\left(\Delta {\Phi }_{\text{m}}>0\right)$ and without $\left(\Delta {\Phi }_{\text{m}}=0\right)$ an external change in TMP. The free energy change needed for pore formation $(\Delta W_{\text{f}})$ decreases and pore resealing $(\Delta W_{\text{res}})$ increases under an external field, which suggests that external electric fields favor stable pore formation. $r^{\ast }$ is the critical radius for the hydrophobic to hydrophilic pore transition, and $r_{\text{IRE}}$ is the pore radius triggering irreversible EP. Reproduced with permission from ref 30. Copyright 2015 Springer Nature.