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. 2024 Mar 4;8(5):567–576. doi: 10.1038/s41550-024-02206-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 4 — Panels (a) and (b) show the same information for separate species. The blue histogram shows the probability distribution of total electron impact ionization rates derived from Juno/JADE electron measurements in the vicinity of Europa’s orbit (r = 9-10 R_J and within Z_mag ≤ 2 R_J) normalized by time Europa spends as a function of magnetic latitude. The purple histogram shows these values derived when Juno was within Europa’s geometric wake. Widths of the blue and purple bars at the bottom indicate the 10% and 90% percentiles with the median value shown in the central vertical line. Previous estimates in the vicinity of Europa’s orbit are shown in grey^40,63.