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| Sporting activity | Mechanisms of injury |
| Football | Hyperflexion and axial loading |
| Ice hockey | Axial forces |
| Rugby | Flexion, extension, distraction, rotation, hyperflexion, and hyperextension |
| Skiing and snowboarding | Jumps, falls, chairlifts, and collisions |
| Soccer | Flexion/extension, hyperextension, hyperflexion, and repetitive rotational forces |
| Basketball | Combination of torsion, loading, and trauma |
