Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and non-ESBL-producing isolates.
| Patient characteristics | All | ESBL | Non-ESBL | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 97 | n = 67 (69.1%) | n = 30 (30.9%) | ||
| Age years, mean ± SD | 75.9 ± 8.0 | 75.4 ± 7.8 | 76.8 ± 8.4 | 0.47 |
| Male gender, no. (%) | 44 (45.4) | 35 (52.2) | 9 (30) | 0.040 |
| Hospital-acquired UTI, no. (%) | 47 (48.5) | 31 (46.3) | 16 (53.3) | 0.520 |
| Hospitalization within the past 3 months, no. (%) | 55 (56.7) | 43 (64.2) | 12 (40) | 0.030 |
| Antibiotic use within the past 3 months, no. (%) | 63 (64.9) | 47 (70.1) | 16 (53.3) | 0.110 |
| Comorbidities, no. (%) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 42 (43.3) | 28 (41.8) | 14 (46.7) | 0.650 |
| Hypertension | 79 (81.4) | 54 (81) | 25 (83.3) | 0.750 |
| Chronic renal disease | 36 (37.1) | 25 (37.3) | 11 (36.7) | 0.950 |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 19 (19.6) | 15 (22.4) | 4 (13.3) | 0.410 |
| Congestive heart failure | 46 (47.4) | 30 (44.8) | 16 (53.3) | 0.440 |
| Immunosuppression | 21 (21.6) | 15 (22.4) | 6 (20) | 0.792 |
| Malignancy | 20 (20.6) | 16 (23.9) | 4 (13.3) | 0.240 |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia | 27 (27.8) | 22 (32.8) | 5 (16.7) | 0.140 |
| Urolithiasis | 15 (15.5) | 12 (17.9) | 3 (10) | 0.320 |
| Urinary tract obstruction | 10 (10.3) | 9 (13.4) | 1 (3.3) | 0.131 |
| Prior recurrent UTI | 52 (53.6) | 41 (61.2) | 11 (36.7) | 0.030 |
| Invasive urological procedure | 27 (27.8) | 22 (32.8) | 5 (16.7) | 0.10 |
| Catheter-associated UTI, no. (%) | 31 (32) | 19 (28.4) | 12 (40) | 0.260 |
| Fever >38° C no. (%) | 45 (46.4) | 33 (49.3) | 12 (40) | 0.400 |
| Heart rate, bpm, mean ± SD | 92.8 ± 20.4 | 93.6 ± 20.4 | 91.1 ± 20.8 | 0.440 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg, mean ± SD | 124 ± 30 | 125 ± 31 | 122 ± 27 | 0.742 |
| WBC > 12.000 /mm3, no. (%) | 40 (41.2) | 32 (47.8) | 8 (26.7) | 0.051 |
| CRP, mg/L, mean ± SD | 124 ± 109 | 147 ± 119 | 74 ± 60 | 0.004 |
| Bacteremia, no. (%) | 20 (20.6) | 18 (26.9) | 2 (6.7) | 0.020 |
| Acute renal failure, no. (%) | 32 (33) | 23 (34.3) | 9 (30) | 0.680 |
| Septic shock, no. (%) | 8 (8.2) | 7 (10.4) | 1 (3.3) | 0.240 |
| Inappropriate empiric antibiotic treatment, no. (%) | 23 (23.7) | 23 (34.3) | 0 | 0.001 |
| Duration of hospitalization before infection (for hospital-acquired UTIs), day, mean ± SD | 15.5 ± 15.1 | 16.9 ± 15.6 | 12.7 ± 14.3 | 0.280 |
| The reasons for the patient’s hospitalization (for hospital-acquired UTIs), no. (%) | 0.551 | |||
| Acute kidney injury | 4 (4.1) | 2 (3) | 2 (6.7) | |
| Benign prostate hyperplasia | 4 (4.1) | 2 (3) | 2 (6.7) | |
| Urolithiasis | 4 (4.1) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | |
| General surgical procedures | 4 (4.1) | 2 (3) | 2 (6.7) | |
| Hematological malignancy | 5 (5.2) | 4 (6) | 1 (3.3) | |
| Chronic artery diseases | 5 (5.2) | 3 (4.5) | 2 (6.7) | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6 (6.2) | 3 (4.5) | 3 (10) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1 (1) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Polyneuropathie | 1 (1) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Rheumatological diseases | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.7) | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 7 (7.2) | 5 (7.5) | 2 (6.7) | |
| Malignancy | 2 (2.1) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | |
| The antibiotics that the patient received during hospitalization, no. (%) | 0.142 | |||
| Amikacin | 1 (1) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Ciprofloxacin | 3 (3.1) | 2 (3) | 1 (3.3) | |
| Ertapenem | 15 (15.5) | 12 (17.9) | 3 (10) | |
| Fosfomicin | 14 (14.4) | 5 (7.5) | 9 (30) | |
| Imipenem/Meropenem | 22 (22.7) | 18 (26.9) | 4 (13.3) | |
| Levofloxacin | 1 (1) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Piperacillin-tazobactam | 20 (20.6) | 15 (22.4) | 5 (16.7) | |
| Sefoperazon-sulbactam | 1 (1) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Ceftriaxone | 20 (30.6) | 12 (17.9) | 8 (26.7) | |
| Inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment (IEAT), no. (%) | – | |||
| Ciprofloxacin | 1 (1) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Ertapenem | 1 (1) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Fosfomicin | 1 (1) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Imipenem/Meropenem | 2 (2.1) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | |
| Levofloxacin | 1 (1) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Piperacillin-tazobactam | 4 (4.2) | 4 (6) | 0 (0) | |
| Sefoperazon-sulbactam | 1 (1) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Ceftriaxone | 12 (12.4) | 12 (17.9) | 0 (0) | |
Bold values represent the statistically significant results.