TABLE 7.

Selected control measures (a full list is available in EFSA PLH Panel, 2018) for pest entry/establishment/spread/impact in relation to currently unregulated hosts and pathways. Control measures are measures that have a direct effect on pest abundance.

Control measure/risk reduction option (blue underline = Zenodo doc, blue = WIP)	RRO summary	Risk element targeted (entry/establishment/spread/impact)
Require pest freedom	Source host plants from a pest free area, pest free place of production or pest free production site	Entry/Spread
Growing plants in isolation	Nursery plants could be grown in dedicated structures such as glass or plastic greenhouses with eriophyoid mite‐proof screens	Entry (reduce infestation)/Spread
Managed growing conditions	Plants collected directly from natural habitats, have been grown, held and trained for at least two consecutive years prior to dispatch in officially registered nurseries, which are subject to an officially supervised control regime	Entry (reduce infestation)/Spread
Roguing and pruning	Roguing is defined as the removal of infested plants and/or uninfested host plants in a delimited area, whereas pruning is defined as the removal of infested plant parts only without affecting the viability of the plant	Spread/Impact
Biological control and behavioural manipulation	Keifer (1938) reported Leptothrips mali (Fitch) (Thysanoptera: Plaeothripidae) as predator of C. baileyi, mostly eggs, in California (USA). Likewise, Abou‐Awad et al. (2011) reported Typhlodromus pyri (Scheuten) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) preying on C. baileyi in Egypt Fahim and Momen (2022) reported another phytoseiid mite, Typhlodromus athiasae Porath & Swirski, completing development on C. baileyi in laboratory assays. In Europe, T. pyri, Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) and Euseius finlandicus (Oudemans) play a major role in controlling the populations of the sympatric apple rust mite, A. schelechtendali, below economic levels (Duso & Pasini, 2003; Easterbrook, 1996; Fitzgerald et al., 2003)	Impact
Chemical treatments on crops including reproductive material	Sulfur is a common pesticide against eriophyoid mites. Sulfur (and other contact insecticides/acaricides) is expected to have a low efficacy on hibernating deutogynes, which are hidden in the bark	Spread/Impact
Chemical treatments on consignments or during processing	According to Navia et al. (2010) fumigation with methyl bromide was very effective against eriophyoid mites. However, this fumigant is prohibited in the EU	Entry/Spread
Physical treatments on consignments or during processing	Navia et al. (2010) reported a dose of radiation necessary to control most mites of around 300 Gy. Should this dose not be harmful for the host plant (Malus spp.), it could be used against C. baileyi Brushing and washing of the fruit in the packing house might be a measure although no literature found on this aspect	Entry/Spread
Cleaning and disinfection of facilities, tools and machinery	The physical and chemical cleaning and disinfection of facilities, tools, machinery, transport means, facilities and other accessories (e.g. boxes, pots, pallets, palox, supports, hand tools). The measures addressed in this information sheet are: washing, sweeping and fumigation	Entry/Spread
Waste management	If roguing is applied, the removed parts should be destroyed (e.g. burned/deep burial)	Establishment/Spread
Conditions of transport	Specific requirements for mode and timing of transport of commodities to prevent escape of the pest and/or contamination physical protection of consignment	Entry/Spread
Controlled atmosphere	Navia et al. (2010) consider that low O2 storage could provide a complementary RRO	Entry/Spread (via commodity)
Post‐entry quarantine and other restrictions of movement in the importing country	This measure covers post‐entry quarantine (PEQ) of relevant commodities; temporal, spatial and end‐use restrictions in the importing country for import of relevant commodities; Prohibition of import of relevant commodities into the domestic country ‘Relevant commodities’ are plants, plant parts and other materials that may carry pests, either as infection, infestation, or contamination	Establishment/Spread