Figure 1. Childhood Neighborhood Disadvantage is Associated with Greater Amygdala Reactivity.

Figure adapted from Gard et al. (2021).⁴⁸ Greater neighborhood disadvantage in early childhood was associated with elevated amygdala response to neutral faces in early adulthood, after adjusting for family-level SES and other forms of adversity including maternal depression and harsh parenting. These findings were replicated in 2 studies of boys from low-income family backgrounds, (a) at the University of Pittsburgh with participants from Pittsburgh (n=167) and (b) at the University of Michigan with participants from Chicago, Toledo, and Detroit.