Figure 3. Spatial Meta-analysis of the Association between Gender Inequality in 29 Countries and Cortical Structure.

Figure adapted from Zugman et al. (2023).⁸⁶ (a) The authors identified 139 studies conducted in 29 countries. (b) Using nation-level data from the United Nations and the World Economic Forum, the authors examined the association between gender inequality and sex differences in cortical thickness and surface area. They found that in studies conducted in countries with greater gender inequality, men tended to have greater right hemisphere cortical thickness. Associations between gender inequality and sex differences in cortical thickness in specific regions were also observed.