Table 2.
Prevalence of maternal undernutrition and low fetal growth rate
| Characteristics | 1Distribution of participants by age group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15–19 years (n = 173) | 20–24 years (n = 274) | 25–29 yearsn = 214) | 30–35 years (n = 144) | 36–43 years (n = 65) | |
| Mean Adjusted Hb (g/L) ± SD [95% CI] (N = 826) | 113.6 ± 17.0 [111.0-116.3] |
112.1 ± 17.1 [110.0-114.2] |
113.1 ± 17.3 [110.7–115.5] |
116.9 ± 15.7 [114.2 -119.5] |
113.3 ± 16.6 [109.0-117.5] |
| Severity of anemia (%): | |||||
| Mildly anemic | 15.4 (25)ab | 17.0 (44)b | 13.1 (27)ab | 9.4 913)a | 9.8 (6)ab |
| Moderately anemic | 12.3 (20) | 11.2 (29) | 12.1 (25) | 8.0 (11) | 16.4 (10) |
| Severely anemic | 0.6 (1) | 0.8 (2) | 1.0 (2) | 0 | 0 |
| Maternal underweight: | |||||
| Mean MUAC (cm) ± SD [95%CI] |
25.6 ± 1.9a [25.3–25.9] |
26.3 ± 2.3ab [26.0-26.5] |
26.6 ± 2.7bc [26.2–27.0] |
27.2 ± 3.0c [26.7–27.7] |
27.2 ± 2.8c [26.6–27.9] |
| %Low MUAC (< 25 cm) | 38.5 (65)a | 27.3 (74)ab | 29.0 (61)ab | 21.7 (31)b | 21.5 (14)b |
| Mean hip circumference [95%CI] | 92.0 ± 5.4a [91.2–92.8] | 92.8 ± 5.6a [92.1–93.5] | 93.1 ± 7.1a [92.1–94.0] | 94.0 ± 7.1ab [92.8–95.1] | 95.4 ± 7.0b [93.7–97.1] |
| Mean head circumference [95%CI] | 54.0 ± 1.6 [53.8–54.3] | 54.2 ± 1.9 [54.0-54.5] | 54.4 ± 3.6 [53.9–54.9] | 54.1 ± 1.7 [53.8–54.4] | 54.4 ± 1.8 [54.9–54.8] |
| Fetal growth: | |||||
| 2Mean SFH Z-score ± SD [95%CI] N = 788 | -1.43 ± 1.25a [-1.63, -1.23] |
-1.28 ± 1.36a [-1.46, -1.11] |
-1.19 ± 1.39ab [-1.39, -1.0] |
-1.14 ± 1.38ab [-1.39, -0.90] |
-0.72 ± 1.57b [-1.13, -0.30] |
1Varying superscripts of alphabetic letters in same row indicate statistically significant differences across maternal age groups
2Fundal height z-scores were computed for participants 16–26 weeks gestation only