Fig. 1.

Anesthesia/surgery induced cognitive impairment in mice. Behavioral tests were performed on the second and third days after tibial fracture surgery to assess the cognitive function of the mice. A Diagram of intramedullary fixation of tibial fracture. B The behavioral timeline. C Experiment diagram of the OFT. D Representative track diagrams in the OFT. E Total moving distance of mice in the OFT (n = 10). F The average speed of mice in the OFT (n = 10). G Experiment diagram of the OLT. H Representative track diagrams in the OLT. I Total object exploration time in the OLT (n = 10). J The percentage of time spent exploring new location objects in the OLT **p < 0.01 (n = 10). K Experiment diagram of the NORT. L Representative track diagrams in the NORT. M Total object exploration time in the NORT (n = 10). N The percentage of time spent exploring new objects in the NORT **p < 0.01 (n = 10). O Experiment diagram of the FC. P Percentage of freezing time of mice during the FC training (n = 10). Q Percentage of freezing time of mice during the FC context test *p < 0.05 (n = 10). R Percentage of freezing time of mice during the FC tone test (n = 10)