Table 2.
Risk of Bias Assessment.
| Study | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | Q11 | Q12 | Q13 | Q14 | Q15 | Q16 | Q17 | Q18 | Q19 | Q20 | Q21 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McAbee et al. (1993) | H | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | ? | L |
| Shortridge et al. (1995) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | ? | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | ? | L |
| Jason et al. (1998) | L | ? | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Durham et al. (1998) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | H |
| Trinkoff and Storr (1998) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Trinkoff et al. (1999) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | ? | ? |
| Trinkoff et al. (2001) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | H | L |
| Trinkoff et al. (2002) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | L | L |
| Gerberich et al. (2004) | L | L | ? | L | L | L | L | ? | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | ? | ? |
| Clarke (2007) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | ? | L |
| Feskanich et al. (2009) | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | H | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | H | L |
| Rodriguez-Acosta et al. (2009) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | ? | L |
| Olds and Clarke (2010) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| McHugh et al. (2011) | L | L | L | L | ? | H | L | L | L | L | L | ? | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Han et al. (2011) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | ? | ? |
| Perhats et al. (2012) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | L | L | L | L | L | ? |
| Han et al. (2012) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | ? | L |
| Monroe et al. (2013) | L | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | L | L | L | L | L | H | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Lee et al. (2015) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Unruh and Asi (2018) | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | L | L | H | L |
| Dyrbye et al. (2019) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Davidson et al. (2020) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Patrician et al. (2020) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Vogus et al. (2020) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Kim et al. (2021) | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | L | H | H | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | H | L |
| Melnyk et al. (2018) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | ? | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | ? | ? |
| Kunert et al. (2007) | L | L | H | L | H | H | L | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | H |
| Davidson et al. (2019) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | H |
Note. Critical appraisal assessment was completed with L = low,= missing or unclear, and H = high.