Table 4.
Therapeutic effects of natural products on IBD via regulating gut microbiota and improving intestinal barrier.
| Name | Origin | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Panax quinquefolius polysaccharide | American ginseng | Increase the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Rikenellaceae, Shigella and Oscillospira, the content of faecal SCFAs and the expression of TJs | Ren et al. 214 |
| Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide | Glycyrrhiza | Promote the growth and reproduction of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and SCFA-producing bacteria and maintain TJs | Wei et al. 216 |
| Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide | Rehmannia glutinosa | Maintain the species diversity of intestinal microbes and increase the content of SCFAs | Lv et al. 217 |
| Euphorbia humifusa-derived polysaccharide | Euphorbia humifusa | Promote the production of acetic, propionic, and valeric acids and increasing the relative abundance of Bifidobacteria | Xiang et al. 218 |
| Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook polysaccharide | Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook | Promote ISCs regeneration to protect intestinal mucosa integrity by lamina propria lymphocytes-secreted IL-22 | Wang et al. 219 |
| Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharide | Cordyceps sinensis | Decrease the relative abundance of Bilophila and increase the relative abundance of Dehalobacterium, Coprococcus, Oscillospira, and Desulfovibrio, and increase the content of SCFAs | Chen et al. 220 |
| Fructooligosaccharide | Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua | Downregulate matrix metallopeptidase 13 expression and selectively enhance the growth of probiotics, including Bifidobacterium, Alloprevofella, and Alistipes | Xu et al. 221 |
| Alginate oligosaccharides | Brown algae | Reverse intestinal microbiota changes and recover SCFAs production | Wu et al. 222 |
| R. glutinosa oligosaccharides | R. glutinosa | Alleviate the oxidative stress and increase the abundance of Firmicutes, Lactobacillus and Akkermansia, and promote the production of SCFAs | Li et al. 223 |
| Sodium houttuyfonate | Houttuynia cordata Thunb | Increase the abundance of SCFAs-producing bacteria (Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Intestinimonas) | Cheng et al. 224 |
| Caesaldekarin e | Caesalpinia bonduc | Increase the abundance of Lactobacillus and decrease the abundance of Bacteroides, and reduce the level of kynurenine and kynurenic acid | Liu et al. 225 |
| Paeoniflorin | Paeonia lactiflora | Promote ISCs renewal and differentiation to accelerate epithelial regeneration and repair via PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway activation | Ma et al. 226 |
| Humic acids | Plant and microbial residues through humification | Increase the contents of acetic acid, isovaleric acid, and isobutyric acid with an increase in the abundance of Firmicutes and a decrease in the abundance of Proteobacteria | Huang et al. 227 |
| Prodigiosin | Microorganism secondary metabolite | Increase the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Allobaculum, and Akkermansia, and accelerate the expression of intestinal TJs | Nie et al. 228 |
IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; IL: interleukin; ISC: intestinal stem cell; SCFA: short-chain fatty acid; TJs: tight junctions.