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. 2014 Jul 6;71(21):4115–4130. doi: 10.1007/s00018-014-1676-2

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Heterologous innate immune stimulation in allergic contact dermatitis. Contact allergens either directly or indirectly trigger PRRs to cause production/release of other danger signals including ROS and ATP. Combinations of contact allergens, addition of irritants or co-infections can provide heterologous innate immune stimulation leading, for example, to additive or synergistic amplification of the innate inflammatory response