Table 1.
TLRs [19] | RAGE [21] | P2Y1,2,4,6,11–14 and P2X1-7 [8] | P2X7 [118] | CD36 [7] | AGE-R1–3 [6] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TLR1 | TLR2 | TLR3 | TLR4 | TLR7 | TLR8 | TLR9 | ||||||
Proteins | ||||||||||||
S100A8, S100A9 | Ѵ [52] | Ѵ [119, 120] | Ѵ [121] | |||||||||
S100A1–A2, S100A4–A7, S100A12–A13, S100B, S100P | Ѵ [21, 122] | |||||||||||
HMGB1 (often in complex with other molecules; CpG-DNA, IL-1β, LPS…) | Ѵ [123] | Ѵ [123] | Ѵ [124, 125] | Ѵ [126, 127] | ||||||||
Heat shock proteins; HSP22, 60, 70, Gp96 | Ѵ [128–131] | Ѵ [128–130, 132, 133] | ||||||||||
Galectins | Ѵ [84] | |||||||||||
Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin | Ѵ [70] | |||||||||||
Fibronectin | Ѵ [77] | |||||||||||
Tenascin-C | Ѵ [94, 95] | Ѵ [96] | ||||||||||
AGEs (incl. N-(carboxymethyl)lysine, methylglyoxal…) | Ѵ [134] | Ѵ [135] | Ѵ [6] | |||||||||
Fibrinogen | Ѵ [136, 137] | |||||||||||
Amyloid β peptide | Ѵ [138] | |||||||||||
β-Defensins | Ѵ [110] | Ѵ [110] | Ѵ [109] | |||||||||
Annexin A2 | Ѵ [139] | |||||||||||
Thymosin α1 | Ѵ [140, 141] | |||||||||||
Surfactant protein A, D | Ѵ [59–61] | Ѵ [58, 59, 61, 62] | ||||||||||
Antiphospholipid antibodies | Ѵ [142] | Ѵ [143] | Ѵ [144] | Ѵ [144] | ||||||||
Neutrophil elastase | Ѵ [145] | |||||||||||
Lactoferrin | Ѵ [146] | |||||||||||
Fatty acids, lipoproteins | ||||||||||||
Serum amyloid A | Ѵ [147] | Ѵ [148] | Ѵ [138, 149] | Ѵ [150, 151] | Ѵ [152] | |||||||
Low density lipoproteins | Ѵ [153, 154] | |||||||||||
Saturated fatty acids | Ѵ [155] | |||||||||||
Proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (ECM components) | ||||||||||||
Hyaluronan | Ѵ [156] | Ѵ [157] | ||||||||||
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans | Ѵ [158] | Ѵ [159] | ||||||||||
Biglycan | Ѵ [160, 161] | Ѵ [160, 161] | Ѵ [160] | |||||||||
Versican | Ѵ [162] | |||||||||||
Nucleic acids | ||||||||||||
mRNA | Ѵ [163] | |||||||||||
Small nuclear RNA | Ѵ [164] | Ѵ [164] | ||||||||||
IgG–chromatin complexes | Ѵ [165] | |||||||||||
Nucleotides | ||||||||||||
Extracellular purine and pyrimidine nucleotides | Ѵ [166, 167] | Ѵ [166, 167] |
Ѵ indicates that the respective DAMP acts as a ligand on the corresponding receptor(s)