Table 1.
Reproductive phenotype of oestrogen-related genetically modified male mice
| Genotype | Reproductive tract development | Fertility | Testicular morphology | Sperm motility | REF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| αERKO | Normal | Infertile | Dysmorphogenic | Reduced | 66 |
| βERKO | Normal | Fertile | Normal | Normal | 64, 65, 75 |
| αβERKO | Normal | Infertile | Dysmorphogenic | Reduced | 65 |
| AF2ERK1 | Normal | Infertile | Dysmorphogenic | Reduced | 78, 79, 81 |
| UtEpiαERKO | Normal, no male phenotype | Fertile | Normal | Fertile | 76 |
| GPER | Normal | Fertile | Normal, not well characterized | Not well characterized | 83 |
| ArKO | Normal, impaired sexual behaviour, reduced capacity to mount | Initially fertile, later infertile | Initially normal, arrested spermatogenesis at 4.5-mo-age | Decreased motility, inability to fertilize ova during IVF | 2, 86, 87, 88, 89 |
| AROM+ | Initially normal, cryptorchidism, BOO | Infertile, reduced fertility | Initially normal, later Leydig cell hyperplasia | Not well characterized | 14, 90, 91, 92, 93 |
| Int5/aromatase | Normal | 50 % fertile | Uni/bilateral Leydig cell tumours | Not well characterized | 95,96 |
| EST | Normal, smaller litters | Fertile until 2-mo-age | Age-dependent Leydig cell hyper-troph/plasia | 80 % reduced motility | 97 |
| VAMP7 | Defective urogenital tract, cryptorchidism, hypospadias | Infertile | Dysmorphogenic | Diminished motility | 99 |
| ERαf/fCYP17iCre | Normal (?), yet to be characterized | Decreased fertility | Normal (?),yet to be characterized | Yet to be characterized | 77, 82 |
αERKO, Esr1 −/− mice; βERKO, Esr2 −/−; αβERKO, double knock out for Esr1 −/− /Esr2 −/− mice; AF2ERK1, KO of AF1 and AF2 deletions of Esr1 −/− and knock-in containing 2 point mutations in core AF-2; UtEpiαERKO, tissue-specific Esr1 −/− mice; ArKO, mice with disruption of CYP19A1; AROM+, aromatase/CYP19A overexpressing mice under human ubiquitin promoter; BOO, bladder outlet obstruction, Int5-aromatase, aromatase overexpressing mice under mouse mammary tumour promoter/MMTV; EST, oestrogen sulfotransferase KO mice; VAMP7, mice encoding human bacterial artificial/BAC clone VAMP7; ERαf/fCYP17iCre, iCRE under the regulation of CYP17 promoter for conditional Leydig cell-specific KO