Fig. 9.

Schematic diagram depicting the contribution of LPL to IS formation and effect of nanobodies. a, b LPL phosphorylation enhances bundling activity and both nanobodies delay phosphorylation thereby keeping LPL longer in a low affinity state. c LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) tethers to the cytoskeleton, in part through interaction with LPL. A tightly bundled actin cytoskeleton in the pSMAC limits free diffusion of LFA-1 and contributes to LFA-1 clustering. d LPL Nb5 and 9 interfere with LPL function in subtle ways leading to reduced interaction with LFA-1 and delayed phosphorylation (Nb5) or by blocking interaction with actin and maintaining LPL in an inactivated state (Nb9). In both cases, T cell activation is disturbed. For more details, see “Discussion”