Table 4.
Partial list of potential clinical applications of MSCs
| Bone regeneration |
| Skeletal defect healinga [271] |
| Osteoporosis [201, 202] |
| Osteogenesis imperfecta [272] |
| Cartilage regeneration |
| Cartilage defect healinga [271] |
| Meniscus injury [273] |
| Osteoarthritisa [276] |
| Muscle regeneration |
| Skeletal muscle regenerationa [279] |
| Cardiac muscle regenerationa [214] |
| Smooth muscle regeneration [277] |
| Tendon regeneration |
| Repair of tendon defectsa [278] |
| Neural regeneration and injury prevention |
| Traumatic brain injury [296] |
| Spinal cord injurya [297] |
| Multiple sclerosisa [298] |
| Parkinson’s diseasea [299] |
| Multiple system atrophya [300] |
| Ischemic strokea [280] |
| Prevention of injury in acute ischemia |
| Limb ischemiaa [281, 282] |
| Acute lung injurya [283] |
| Myocardial infarctiona [284] |
| Acute kidney injurya [285, 286] |
| Other immunomodulatory applications |
| Diabetes, type Ia [287] |
| Sepsisa [301] |
| Acute lung injurya [302] |
| Rheumatoid arthritisa [274, 275] |
| Hepatic cirrhosis [288–290] |
| GVHDa [291, 292] |
| Other |
| Renal failurea [303] |
| Skin graftinga [293] |
| Urinary incontinencea [294] |
aPhase 1 trials started for this application