Table 2.
Cytokines and growth factors which decrease and restore intestinal TJ permeability
| Cytokine and growth factor | Permeabilitya | Cell | Mechanismb |
|---|---|---|---|
| IL-10 | Decrease | T84 | Neutralize IFN-γ [134] |
| IL-17 | Decrease | T84 | Claudin-1 ↑, Claudin-2 ↑ [146] |
| TGF-α antibody | Decrease | Caco-2 | Neutralize hydrogen peroxide [149] |
| TGF-β | Decrease | T84 | Claudin-1 ↑ [151] |
| Decrease | HT29/B6 | Claudin-4 ↑ [152] | |
| Decrease | T84 | Neutralize EHEC, restoration of occludin, claudin-2 and ZO-1 expression [151] | |
| Decrease | T84 | Neutralize IFN-γ [152] | |
| Decrease | T84 | Neutralize cryptosporidium parvum [153] | |
| EGF | Decrease | Caco-2 | Neutralize hydrogen peroxide, restoration of occludin and ZO-1 distribution [155] |
| Decrease | Caco-2 | Neutralize hydrogen peroxide, restoration of actin cytoskeleton assembly [157, 292] | |
| Decrease | Caco-2 | Neutralize ethanol, restoration of microtubule assembly and oxidation/nitration of tubulin [158] | |
| Decrease | Caco-2 | Neutralize acetaldehyde, restoration of occludin and ZO-1 distribution [42, 159] |
aPermeability is based on results for TER and the paracellular passage of molecules
bSymbols ↑ and ↓ indicate increases and decreases in the protein or mRNA expression, respectively