Table 1.

Defined molecular structures activating inflammasome pathways

Inflammasome	Stimulus	Reference
NLRP1	Anthrax lethal toxin	[6]
	MDP	[32]
NLRP3	Pore-forming agents
	Listerolysin O	[64]
	Streptolysin	[136]
	Nigericin	[64]
	Maitotoxin	[137]
	Saponin	[116]
	Hemolysins	[138]
	Ion channels or their activators
	P2X7/ATP	[64]
	Influenza virus M2 channel protein	[70]
	Phagocytosed materials (crystals, crystalline material, particles, protein aggregates)
	Monosodium uric acid crystals	[73]
	Asbestos fibers	[76]
	Silica	[75, 76]
	Aluminum salts	[75, 78, 116]
	Hemozoin crystals	[80, 82]
	Cholesterol crystals	[99]
	Poly lactide-co-glycolide and polystyrene microparticles	[139]
	Amyloid beta	[84]
	Hyaluronan	[140]
NLRC4	Flagellin	[7]
	Components of the T3SS	[57]
AIM2	Double-stranded DNA	[10–13, 130, 131]

For clarity, only studies that have reported a molecularly defined activating signal in a loss-of-function or knock-out experiment for the respective inflammasome component were considered. In this regard, NLRP3-activating signals that are only defined for their priming component (signal I) but not their activating component (signal II) are not listed