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Butamax’s strategies for isobutanol production in cytosol [102]. Four different pathways for isobutanol production were suggested: (1) pyruvate to isobutanol directly (red arrows), (2) pyruvate through valine bypass (blue arrows), (3) pyruvate through isobutyryl-CoA bypass (blue arrows), and (4) butyryl-CoA to isobutanol (blue arrows). A total of 11 enzyme reactions were considered and at least three to four heterologous enzymes in each step were claimed in patents of Butamax
