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Butamax’s isobutanol production strategies in the mitochondria [103]. To block substrate-competing reactions BAT1, ILV1, and LEU4 were deleted and the activity of the E1 alpha subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (PDA1) was reduced by promoter exchange to a weak one. NADH kinase (POS5) was over-expressed to ensure sufficient supply of NADPH required by the KARI enzyme. Red arrows mean over-expression of genes
