Fig. 9.

Overview of Amyris metabolic engineering strategies. Industrial strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE-2 was used as a production host because of its higher tolerance to the industrial environment [129]. All promoters of mevalonate genes were exchanged to strong one in chromosome. Gray box means the strategies that were used in a scientific article [124] but not in the patent. Red color circles mean even higher expression than other overexpressed genes. Blue color circles mean knock-out of genes or reduction of expression level. Thick arrows mean amplified steps based on plasmids in a scientific article [20]. The dotted arrow indicates reduction of flux