Table 4.
Targets for increasing butanol tolerance in yeast (Butamax)
| Targeting | Modified genes | Butanol tolerance [growth yield improvement in butanol % (w/v)] | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Multidrug resistance ATP-binding cassette transporter | Pdr5p, CDR1, BFR1 | ~1.8-fold in 0.75% | [114] |
| Cell wall integrity pathway | SLT2p | ~25% in 1% | [115] |
| Osmolality/glycerol response pathway | PBS2p | ~40% in 1% | [116] |
| Filamentous growth response pathway | MSS11p | ~2-fold in 1.5% | [117] |
| Amino acid starvation |
Gcn1p, Gcn2p, Gcn3p, Gcn4p, Gcn5p, Gcn20p |
~1.8-fold in 2.0% | [118] |