Table 1. Descriptive statistics.
| Variables | All samples | Treatment group | Control group | Before intervention | After intervention | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Family care (hours/year) | 649.873 | 249.136 | 547.107 | 185.084 | 657.387 | 269.177 | 518.208 | 156.279 | 686.903 | 319.882 |
| Treatment variable (treatment group = 1) |
0.068 | 0.247 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | —— | —— | —— | —— |
| Age (years) | 69.958 | 6.767 | 72.108 | 6.488 | 69.796 | 6.760 | 67.775 | 6.514 | 72.411 | 6.465 |
| Gender (Male = 1) | 0.480 | 0.500 | 0.480 | 0.499 | 0.480 | 0.500 | 0.480 | 0.500 | 0.481 | 0.500 |
| Household registration (rural = 1) | 0.603 | 0.489 | 0.727 | 0.446 | 0.594 | 0.491 | 0.735 | 0.526 | 0.773 | 0.419 |
| Marriage status (with spouse = 1) |
0.751 | 0.433 | 0.740 | 0.439 | 0.752 | 0.432 | 0.780 | 0.414 | 0.713 | 0.452 |
| Education level (years) | 3.601 | 3.237 | 4.014 | 3.836 | 3.571 | 3.185 | 3.941 | 3.836 | 3.911 | 3.798 |
| Health status (Health = 1) | 0.877 | 0.328 | 0.849 | 0.358 | 0.879 | 0.326 | 0.913 | 0.282 | 0.844 | 0.363 |
| Endowment insurance (have = 1) | 0.780 | 0.414 | 0.812 | 0.391 | 0.778 | 0.416 | 0.793 | 0.405 | 0.849 | 0.358 |
| "Upward" economic support (Yuan/year) | 2840.333 | 10648.831 | 3514.305 | 13613.512 | 2791.055 | 10437.293 | 2083.246 | 9551.388 | 3154.163 | 9238.366 |
| "Downward" economic support (Yuan/year) | 1208.358 | 11439.480 | 1875.772 | 11731.260 | 1159.559 | 11416.671 | 810.396 | 8153.859 | 1369.925 | 15545.83 |
| N | 18948 | 1291 | 17657 | 14210 | 4738 | |||||
Notes. Three decimal places were retained after rounding off decimal numbers. In the subsequent empirical study, logarithms were used for family care received, “upward” financial support, and “upward” financial support. We used the interpolation method to handle missing data by predicting them based on neighboring observations.